Index
Using the Index
References are to paragraph (¶) numbers, not pages. A reference such as 1220.05 is to ¶ 1220.05 in Chapter 12; a reference to a whole section, such as 1610, covers every subsection of that section. References beginning with a letter (for example D50.01) are to the Appendices. Each reference links to its paragraph.
Headings are arranged word by word. See directs the reader to the heading under which a subject is indexed; See also lists related headings. Cases and statutes are listed with their paragraph references in the Table of Cases and the Table of Statutes and Regulations.
A
Abuse of process. See Strike-out
Accounting records, 1890.07, 2770.03
criminal liability, 750.11, 1990.01, 1990.02, 1990.07, 1990.08
fees, 1990.01, 1990.02, 1990.08
Accounts of trustees, 550.07, 870.05, 1290.08
exoneration clauses, 780.09
reading section 56(2), 870.06
Schmidt v. Rosewood, 750.06, 820.04
trustee remuneration, 780.09
Accumulation, 810.04, 1050.04, 3040.01
advancement, power of, 760.07, 1220.04
charitable trusts, 1050.02, 1050.03, 1050.05
children and minors, 1220.03
deeds, 690.04
duration and accumulation, 530.05
maintenance of minors, 760.07, 1220.01, 1220.02, 1220.03, 1220.04, 1220.05, 1220.06
maximum duration, 1050.01
throwback rules, 890.03, 3040.03, 3040.07
trust deeds, 690.04
Adding and excluding beneficiaries, 910.05
Attorney General, 2580.02, 2580.06
blessing of decisions, 2580.02, 2580.06
charitable trusts, 810.10, 1080.04
deeds, 540.12, 890.06, 920.04, B10.02, B10.03, B30.03, E10.04, E20.02, E20.05
Forms (Appendix E), E10.04, E10.05, E20.02, E20.05, E20.06
protective trusts, B30.02, B30.03
reserved powers, 930.04, 930.09, 3030.05
three certainties, 610.08
trustees' powers, 760.05, 760.08
validity of trusts, 610.08
Additions to trust property
capacity of settlor, 630.02, 630.08
change of governing law, B60.02, E30.04
customer due diligence, 2940.07, 2940.08
deeds, B10.02, B90.02, B90.03, E10.01, E10.04, E20.05
Forms (Appendix E), E10.04, E20.05, E30.04, E40.04
funding the structure, B90.02, B90.03, E10.01, F10.02
Administrative dissolution
reinstatement and restoration, 1470.07, 1870.06
re-registration of IBCs, 1820.06
strike-off of companies, 1820.06
Admission of members, 1540.04, C80.01
assignees, 1530.01, 1540.01, 1540.02, 1540.03, 1540.04, 1540.05, 1540.06, 1540.07, 1540.08, 1590.04, C30.01, C50.02, E40.03
consenters, C80.04
formalities of trust creation, 640.07, 640.08
Forms (Appendix E), E40.03, E40.04
minutes and resolutions, C80.04
notes to the joinder, C80.03
notes to the schedules, C80.02
substituted members, 1540.01, 1540.02, 1540.03, 1540.04, 1540.05, 1540.06, 1540.07, 1540.08
transfers to LLCs, challenges to, 1740.08
Advancement, power of
accumulation, 1220.04
charitable purposes, 540.06, 1040.01, D80.02
maintenance of minors, 760.07, 1220.04
After-acquired property, 530.10
Alaska
choice of law, 2620.03
civil contempt, 2690.01
existing and future creditors, 2630.01
Federal Trade Commission, 1180.06, 2630.02
foreign judgment creditors, 2630.01
insolvency, meaning of, 160.06
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 2690.01
receivers, 2630.02
Section 7(6), 1180.06
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.11
Alienation, restraints on. See Spendthrift provisions
Alter ego. See Veil piercing
Amendment of trust instruments, 2010.05
choosing a vehicle, 2280.09, 2720.03
Annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 570.06, 2960.05
annual attestation, 680.06
attestation report, 750.09
domestic trusts, 1370.09
enforcers, 980.05
fines and penalties (Belize), 2960.09
Forms (Appendix E), E20.06
liability shield, 1460.06
non-profit organisations, 1070.04
private trust companies, 1370.08
records retention, 1370.03
register of beneficial owners, 1530.12
registration of international trusts, B20.03
regulatory enforcement, 1370.10, 2960.09
transparency, 980.05
trust administration, 1370.01, 1370.02, 1370.03, 1370.04, 1370.05, 1370.06, 1370.07, 1370.08, 1370.09, 1370.10
trust property, 1370.04
Annual compliance declaration
Forms (Appendix E), E60.02, E60.03
private trust companies, 1301.02, 1310.09, 1320.04, 1320.10, 1330.06, 1360.02, 1380.08, 1390.02, 1390.03, 1390.04, 2770.05, B80.03, B80.04, E60.02, E60.03, F60.01, F60.02
Annual renewal, 1490.06
annual returns, 1860.08
criminal liability, 1470.05, 1990.06
fees, 340.11, 350.05, 1320.05, 1470.05, 1510.08, 1860.08, 1990.06
fit and proper requirements, 340.02, 340.11
private trust companies, 1320.09, 2770.05
Annual returns, 1890.07
annual renewal, 1860.08
charitable trusts, 1001.05, 1070.10, 1090.05, F10.08
fees, 1860.08
non-profit organisations, 1070.06, 1070.08, 1070.10, 1090.05
Anti-avoidance rules
Economic Substance Act 2019, 2870.09
relevant activities (economic substance), 2860.03, 2860.11
strike-off of companies, 2870.09
Anticipation, restraint on. See Spendthrift provisions
Anti-suit injunctions, 190.06, 2550.13
Broad Idea decision, 2550.08
cross-border insolvency, 2550.07
freezing orders, 2550.02, 2550.07, 2550.09, 2550.10, 2550.11
injunctions, 260.08, 2550.01, 2550.03, 2550.04, 2550.05, 2550.06, 2550.08, 2550.12, 2550.13
interim relief, 2550.01, 2550.02, 2550.03, 2550.04, 2550.05, 2550.06, 2550.09, 2550.10, 2550.11, 2550.13
proprietary injunctions, 2550.12
Appeal as of right, 260.05
Appellate courts. See Court of Appeal of Belize
Appointment of protectors, 2010.07, 2050.04
charitable purposes, 1010.05, 1020.01, 1020.06, 1020.07
purpose trusts, 910.08, 1001.02, 1010.05, 1020.01, 1020.06, B80.05
Appointment of trustees, 720.04, 1290.02
change of governing law, 950.05, 950.08, 1250.08, E30.03
deeds, 540.08, 920.03, 1250.08, E20.01, E20.03, E20.04
flight clauses, 950.05, 950.08
Forms (Appendix E), E20.03, E20.04, E30.03
migration of trusts, 1290.07, F10.06
Arbitration, 1920.06
BCB Holdings decision, 140.03
Caribbean Court of Justice, 140.03, 230.09, 250.05, 260.06, 260.07, 450.05
foundation by-laws, 2090.01, 2090.06
injunctions, 230.09, 260.07, 260.08, 2550.13
Maya Leaders Alliance decision, 260.08
Arizona
brokerage and custodians, 2790.06
civil contempt, 2640.08
proprietary injunctions, 2370.10
repatriation orders, 2640.08
tracing, 2370.10
writing requirement, 2790.06
Articles of organisation, 1420.03, 1790.06, 1880.07, 2210.04, C01.03
fees, 1510.08
formation of LLCs, 1510.01, 1510.02, 1510.03, 1510.04, 1510.05, 1510.06, 1510.07, 1510.08, 1510.09, 1510.10, 1510.11, C10.01, C10.02, C10.03, C10.04, C10.05
liability shield, 120.02, 1450.03, 1460.12, 1510.01, 1510.11, 1560.01, E40.02
LLC (Amendment) Acts 2023, 1420.01, 1460.12
stay of proceedings, C10.04
Asset protection, 190.06, 330.03, 860.06, 1410.05, 2230.01, 2230.03, 2230.04, 2230.05, 2230.06, 2230.07, 2801.02, 2901.02
Florida, 2230.08
heads of claim, 2230.08
liability shield, F30.02
non-recognition of foreign law, 2230.02
purpose trusts, 1080.06
regulatory enforcement, 2950.03
relevant activities (economic substance), 2860.08
substance requirements, 2860.08
suspicious transaction reports, 2950.03
transparency, 2180.01
See also Charging orders; Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency
Assets in Belize, F50.01
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1450.15, 2890.03
formalities of trust creation, 620.04, 640.09
funding the structure, 2850.06, D90.04, F50.03
Assignees, 1520.05, 1540.06, 1720.01, 1720.03, 1790.03, 2470.02
admission of members, 1530.01, 1540.01, 1540.02, 1540.03, 1540.04, 1540.05, 1540.06, 1540.07, 1540.08, 1590.04
allocations of profits and losses, 1720.04
creditor's tax position, 1760.03
Forms (Appendix E), E40.03, E40.04
liability shield, E40.03, E40.04
majority voting, C50.02
manager's discretion and its limits, 1720.06
member remains a member, 1720.05
notes to Article 7, C30.01
notes to Article B7, C50.03
reverse veil piercing, 2660.02
Section 57, 1720.02
spouses, 1770.01
substituted members, 1540.01, 1540.02, 1540.03, 1540.04, 1540.05, 1540.06, 1540.07, 1540.08
use of the riders, C70.01
veil piercing, 2660.02
withdrawal and expulsion, 1720.07
Assignment of beneficial interests, 101.03, 1920.02, 1920.06, 2220.08, 2230.05, 2230.07
cross-border insolvency, 2120.04
exempt property, 2120.01, 2120.02, 2120.03, 2120.05, 2120.06, 2120.07, 2120.08, 2120.09, 2120.10, 2120.11
exemption of the endowment, 2120.01, 2120.03, 2120.05, 2120.06, 2120.07, 2120.08, 2120.09, 2120.10, 2120.11
fixed interests, 830.10, 880.02
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.06, 2130.01
spendthrift provisions, 540.04, 830.01, 830.02, 830.03, 830.06, 830.10, 2120.02
Associated persons
customer due diligence, 2940.05, 2940.06
non-profit organisations, 1070.08, 1090.05
politically exposed persons, 2940.05, 2940.06
professional directors and associated persons, 1310.07
Association, 3020.03
Attorney General, 1040.07, 2580.08
blessing of decisions, 2580.01, 2580.02, 2580.03, 2580.04, 2580.05, 2580.06, 2580.07, 2580.08, 2580.09
charitable purposes, 1020.07, 1040.07
charitable trusts, 1040.06, 1040.07, 1060.06, 2580.08
compromise and settlement, 2580.07
purpose trusts, 1020.07
banks and KYC, 1380.01, 1380.02, 1380.03, 1380.04, 1380.05, 1380.06, 1380.07
domestic trusts, 560.11, 670.06, 1370.09
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1070.08, 2870.05, 2870.06
fines and penalties (Belize), 570.01, 2870.05
investment powers, 1380.04
private trust companies, 1380.08
registration of international trusts, 560.03, 660.02
B
Balance-sheet test. See Insolvency, meaning of
Bank accounts, 401.03, 1690.04, 2630.03
formalities of trust creation, 640.05
Bankruptcy, 1150.02, 1150.04, 2650.09
powers exercisable for the bankrupt's benefit, 2430.07
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.04
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 580.03, 1101.07, 2140.06, 2190.01, 2230.05, 2230.07, 2320.03, 2340.03, 2401.01, 2460.01, 2460.04, 2470.09
Belize bankruptcy used as a vehicle, 2460.08
Belize trustee in a Belize bankruptcy, 2460.07
contrary argument, 2460.05
cross-border insolvency, 470.02, 470.03, 470.04, 1160.09, 2410.01, 2460.06
foreign insolvency proceedings, 401.05, 470.02, 470.03, 470.04
foreign representatives, 2460.06
fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.01, 2150.10
function of subsection (7), 2460.02
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act 2025, 150.07
insolvency, meaning of, 160.01, 160.03, 840.03, 1870.09
interval before June 2027, 2460.09
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.02, 2230.02
protective trusts, 840.02, 840.03
purpose trusts, 1080.05
receivers, 2410.01
repeal, 2410.05
rules on references to repealed provisions, 2460.03
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 840.02, 1150.07, 1150.10, 2330.01, 2330.07
Section 7(7), 1160.01, 1160.04, 1160.06, 1160.09
trustee in bankruptcy, 2450.11, 2470.04
voidable transactions, 580.03, 1160.06, 2310.08, 2450.11, 2460.04, 2460.10, 2470.04
vulnerability periods, 2310.08, 2460.10
See also Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act 2025
Bankruptcy of members, 2470.01
Bankruptcy of settlor
trustee in bankruptcy, 2430.10
Bankruptcy trustees. See Trustee in bankruptcy
Banks and KYC, 2920.06
audit, 1380.01, 1380.02, 1380.03, 1380.04, 1380.05, 1380.06, 1380.07
investment powers, 1380.04
private trust companies, 1380.08
BCA. See Belize Companies Act 2022
Bearer instruments
bearer shares, 1810.02, 1840.02
international business companies, 110.02, 1810.02, 1810.05, 1810.06
Belize Companies Act 2022, 150.04, 430.06, 580.09, 1310.01, 1310.03, 1810.03
associated persons, 1310.07
liquidation, 2440.08
private trust companies, 1310.02, 1310.05, 1310.06, 1310.08, 1310.09
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 2330.08
spouses, 1310.04
Belize Companies and Corporate Affairs Registry, 140.05, 320.07
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 570.06, 680.06, 750.09, 1370.07, E20.06
Belize judgments only, 430.03, 1401.04, 1601.04, 1710.03, 2230.07
cross-border insolvency, 470.07, 2480.06
foreign orders, response to, 1750.07
liability shield, 1630.06, E40.04
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1780.01, 1780.02
recognition of foreign judgments, 1750.01, 1750.02, 1750.03, 1750.04, 1750.05, 1750.06, 1750.07, 1880.04
reverse veil piercing, 2660.04, 2660.07
Beneficial ownership, 680.07, 2080.02, 2960.02, 2960.04
applying the definition, 2080.03
construction of instruments, 1430.07
criminal liability, 1990.01
enforcers, 980.04
fees, 1990.01
owners of a trust, 680.07
ownership records, 1890.03
transparency, 980.04
trustees' powers, 760.01
Beneficiaries, 540.03, 690.05, 710.09, 780.08, 810, 810.09, 820, 830, 840, 840.06, 850, 860, 880.06, 890.07, 930.04, 1950.02, 2030.09, 2060.05, 2060.11, 2580.07
adding and removing, 1230.04
charitable purposes, 540.06, 1010.03, 1010.05
creditors of a beneficiary, 2370.09
customer due diligence, 2940.03
deeds, 540.08, 540.12, 890.06, 920.04, B30.03
discretionary trusts, 820.07, 880.03
exempt property, 2120.01, 2120.02, 2120.03, 2120.05, 2120.06, 2120.07, 2120.08, 2120.09, 2120.10, 2120.11
exemption of the endowment, 2120.01, 2120.03, 2120.05, 2120.06, 2120.07, 2120.08, 2120.09, 2120.10, 2120.11
exoneration clauses, 780.08, 870.03, 2040.10
fixed interests, 830.10, 880.02
foreign orders, response to, 880.04
foundation by-laws, 2060.02, 2090.08, D50.03, D50.04, D50.08, D50.10
indemnity of trustees, 860.10
investment powers, 3080.04
Isle of Man, 750.06
letters of wishes, 540.05, 820.07, 970.06
nature of a beneficiary's interest, 2060.06
no proprietary interest in the endowment, 2110.06
politically exposed persons, 2940.03
protective trusts, 840.06, B30.01, B30.02, B30.03, B30.04, B30.05
purpose trusts, 1010.01, 1010.02, 1010.03, 1010.04, 1010.05, 1010.06
residence of trustees, 540.08, 710.07, 870.09
rights compared with LLC members, 2220.07
Schmidt v. Rosewood, 750.06
settlor as beneficiary, 801.05, 810.08
spendthrift provisions, 540.04, 830.10, 2120.02
spouses, 880.01, 880.02, 880.03, 880.04, 880.05, 880.06, 880.07, 880.08, 880.09, 2060.12, 2120.04, B30.01
termination by the beneficiaries, 550.03, 860.04
trust property, 540.09, 890.04, B30.02
trustees' duties, 540.10, 740.07
trustees' powers, 760.08
U.S. settlors, 3080.04
Beneficiaries' information rights, 801.04, 850.04, 1560.10, 1590.01
assignees, 1540.06, 1720.03, C70.01
charitable trusts, 810.10, 1040.07, 1090.03
discretionary trusts, 820.04, 820.05
information from the trustee, 890.05
information rights, 1530.11, 2060.09
Beneficiary as trustee
settlor or a beneficiary as trustee, 710.09
Beneficiary principle. See Purpose trusts
Bermuda
change of governing law, 1250.05, 1250.06
decanting, 1250.06
Hague Conventions, 1250.05
migration of trusts, 1260.06
Section 7(6), 1260.06
Blessing of decisions
Attorney General, 2580.01, 2580.02, 2580.03, 2580.04, 2580.05, 2580.06, 2580.07, 2580.08, 2580.09
charitable trusts, 2580.08
compromise and settlement, 2580.07
BO register. See Register of beneficial owners
Bona fide purchasers
implied trusts, 550.06, 780.07, 870.04, 2040.09, 2170.10
proprietary injunctions, 550.06, 780.07, 870.04, 2040.09, 2170.10
Books and records of LLCs, 2010.06
Forms (Appendix E), E20.06, E40.02, E40.03, E60.02
private trust companies, 1320.06, 1380.08, E60.02, F60.02
register of members, 1840.03
share transfers, 1840.03
Breach of trust
accounts of trustees, 550.07, 780.09
directors' duties, 1350.04, 1350.05, 1350.08
exoneration clauses, 780.01, 780.03, 780.05, 780.08, 780.09, 2040.05
implied trusts, 550.06, 780.07, 870.04
Brokerage and custodians, 2610.07, 2790.06, 2920.06
foreign orders, response to, B50.01
formalities of trust creation, 640.06
member's interest in LLC property, 1660.10, 1730.05
New York, 1170.10
nominee arrangements, 730.05
securities law, 640.06
trust property, B50.01
vesting of property, 730.05
Burden of proof, 130.02, 1701.03, 2190.01, 2201.03, 2230.01, 2230.04, 2230.05, 2230.07, 2340.05
choosing a vehicle, 2720.02, 2720.03
fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.03, 2150.06, 2150.14
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.05, 2130.10, 2230.02
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 130.07, 1180.05, 1490.03, 1780.01, 1780.02
Burden of proof, foundations. See Fraudulent dispositions to foundations
Business companies. See Belize Companies Act 2022
Business tax, 2820.05, 2820.11
capital gains, 2820.10
domestic trusts, 2830.11
election of tax status (Belize), 2830.05
Income and Business Tax Act, 2820.01, 2820.02, 2820.03, 2820.04, 2820.05, 2820.06, 2820.07, 2820.08, 2820.09, 2820.10, 2820.11, 2830.01, 2830.02, 2830.03, 2830.04, 2830.05, 2830.06, 2830.07, 2830.08, 2830.09, 2830.10, 2830.11, 2830.12, 2830.13
international trusts, 2830.09
non-residence requirement, 2830.04
private trust companies, 2830.13
single-member LLCs, 2830.06
tax residence, 2830.07
taxation of LLCs (Belize), 2830.10
C
California, 940.07, 1140.03, 1410.09, 1550.08, 2060.08, 2350.08
bank accounts, 1680.05
children and minors, 2280.09
choosing a vehicle, 2280.09
directions applications, 790.08, 2570.11
discretionary trusts, 940.07
domicile, 1410.09
expulsion of members, 1550.08
Financial Intelligence Unit, 380.07
foreign orders, response to, 790.08
founder's bankruptcy, 2140.10
international cooperation, 380.07
jurisdiction of the Belize court, 2610.08
matrimonial property, 1140.03
member's interest in LLC property, 1730.05
receivers, 2570.11
securities law, 2350.08
Capacity of settlor, 540.02, 630.01, 710.01
capacity rule, 630.02
corporate settlors, 630.05
domicile, 1140.07
incorporation of companies, 1830.07
mental capacity, 630.04
regulatory enforcement, 630.07
reserved powers, 630.07, 2490.03
Section 9 and section 66(3), 630.03
settlor in other roles, 630.06
TMSF decision, 630.08
vitiating factors, 630.09
Capital gains
business tax, 2820.06, 2820.10, 2830.12
Income and Business Tax Act, 2820.06, 2820.10, 2830.12
investment powers, 3040.07, 3080.08
relevant activities (economic substance), 2801.03, 2860.07
Capital, minimum, 301.02, 330.05, 390.10
fit and proper requirements, 340.01, 340.03, 340.07
foreign currency, 340.08
guarantees, 340.08
Capital, paid-up. See Capital, minimum
Caribbean Court of Justice, 140.03, 260.01, 260.09, 410.03, 450.05
arbitration, 140.03
BCB Holdings decision, 140.03
Belize appeals, 260.06
Court of Appeal of Belize, 260.04
decisions on appeal from other states, 270.04
fines and penalties (Belize), 260.07
injunctions, 230.09, 260.07, 260.08
Maya Leaders Alliance decision, 260.08
original jurisdiction, 260.03
status within Belize, 260.02
strike-out, 2590.05
value threshold in practice, 260.05
Cash-flow test. See Insolvency, meaning of
CCJ. See Caribbean Court of Justice
Certificate of Establishment, 1970.06
Certificate of good standing, 390.10, 1420.04, 1890.07, 1920.06, 2250.03
criminal liability, 1470.04, 1470.07
fees, 340.11, 1470.04, 1470.06
liability shield, F30.03, F30.04, F30.05
non-profit organisations, 1070.07, 1070.10
regulatory enforcement, 350.04, 350.07
reinstatement and restoration, 1470.07, 1580.07, 1970.09
standing to sue, 350.07
Change of governing law, 420.06, 1250, 1250.01, 1250.05, 1250.08
Bermuda, 1250.06
decanting, 1250.06
deeds, 1250.08, B60.01, E30.02
depends on the terms, 1250.02
duress clauses, B60.01, B60.02, E30.01
evidence, E30.04
flight clauses, 950.01, 950.02, 950.03, 950.04, 950.05, 950.06, 950.07, 950.08, B60.02, E30.01
foreign orders, response to, E30.03
Forms (Appendix E), E30.02, E30.03, E30.04, E30.05
holder of the power, 1250.04
migration of trusts, 950.03
Model change-of-law provision, 1290.03
notes on Article 20, B60.03
proper law, 420.06
provisions that change with the law, 1250.07
Pugachev decision, 950.06
reserved powers, 930.07
severable aspects, 1250.03
Change of trustees, 720.08, 1590.09, 3090.05
audit, 1380.01, 1380.06, 1380.07
banks and KYC, 1380.01, 1380.06
Forms (Appendix E), E20.03, E20.04
private trust companies, 1390.04, F60.01
Charging orders, 1670.04, 1710, 1710.03, 1710.05, 1720, 1730, 1730.01, 1760, 1760.01, 1780, 1790, 1880.03
assignees, 1760.03, 1790.03, C30.01, C50.03
Florida, 1730.05
guarantees, 1710.07
jurisdiction of the Belize court, 1710.02
liability shield, 1710.01
member's interest, 1710.08
member's interest in LLC property, 1730.05
order and its amount, 1710.04
reverse veil piercing, 1650.04
service and procedure, 1710.06
veil piercing, 1650.04
See also Assignees; Belize judgments only
Charitable foundations, 1920.06
charitable purposes, 1950.08, D80.02
purpose foundations, 1950.01, 1950.02, 1950.03, 1950.04, 1950.05, 1950.06, 1950.07, 1950.08, D80.02
Charitable purposes, 540.06
Attorney General, 1020.07, 1040.07, 2580.08
charitable foundations, 1950.07, 1950.08
charitable trusts, 550.01, 1001.02, 1010.03, 1010.05, 1020.01, 1020.02, 1020.04, 1020.05, 1020.06, 1020.09, 1040.01, 1040.05, 1040.06, 1040.07, 1050.05, 1060.02, 1060.03, 1060.05, 1060.07, 1080.04, 1090.02, 1090.06, 1210.05, D80.02
enforcers, 980.01, 1030.02, 1030.05
Jersey, 1020.08
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1020.08
purpose foundations, 1950.07, 1950.08, D80.02
purpose, specific reasonable and capable of fulfilment, 1020.03
purpose trusts, 1001.02, 1010.03, 1010.04, 1010.05, 1020.01, 1020.02, 1020.03, 1020.04, 1020.05, 1020.06, 1020.07, 1020.09, 1060.07, 1080.02, 1080.04, 1210.06, 1340.02, B80.05
Charitable trusts, 530.06, 1001.05, 1010, 1020, 1030, 1040, 1040.01, 1040.05, 1040.06, 1050, 1050.03, 1060, 1060.03, 1060.04, 1060.05, 1070, 1080, 1090, 1090.06, 1210.05
accumulation, 690.04, 1050.02, 1050.03, 1050.05
arrangements varying a charitable trust, 1060.06
Attorney General, 1020.07, 1040.07, 2580.08
blessing of decisions, 2580.08
charitable foundations, 1950.07, 1950.08
charitable purposes, 540.06, 1010.03, 1010.05, 1020.01, 1020.02, 1020.03, 1020.04, 1020.05, 1020.06, 1020.07, 1020.09, 1040.01, 1040.05, 1040.07, 1060.07, D80.02
charities and purposes, 810.10
consenters, 1090.04
cy-près jurisdiction, 1060.04
enforcement clause, 1090.03
enforcers, 980.01, 1030.02, 1030.05
failure and lapse, 550.01
gift-over, 1090.04
international trusts, F10.08
Jersey, 1020.08
non-profit organisations, 1070.02, 1070.05, 1070.09, 1070.10, 1090.05
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1020.08
order of drafting, 1090.01
orphan structures, 1080.02
place of performance, 1040.04
public benefit, 1040.03
purpose clause, 1090.02
purpose foundations, 1950.07, 1950.08, D80.02
purpose, specific reasonable and capable of fulfilment, 1020.03
purpose trusts, 1001.02, 1010.02, 1010.03, 1010.04, 1010.05, 1010.06, 1020.01, 1020.02, 1020.04, 1020.05, 1020.06, 1020.09, 1060.01, 1060.07, 1080.02, 1080.04, 1080.06, 1210.06, 1340.02, B80.05
residual head, 1040.02
resulting trusts, 1060.02
Rule against perpetuities, 1210.05, 1210.06, 1210.07
Section 679, 1080.08
termination by the persons interested, 1060.08
U.S. persons, 1080.08
Charter of a foundation. See Foundation charter
Check-the-box. See Entity classification
Children and minors, 170.07, 810.04, 860.06, 2010.07, 2020.03
accumulation, 1220.03
capacity of settlor, 630.02, 1140.07
choosing a vehicle, 2280.09, 2720.06
Choice of law, 410, 410.07, 420, 420.03, 420.06, 420.08, 530.06, 530.10, 1190.02, 2620.06
accumulation, 530.05
Bermuda, 1250.06
Brown decision, 2620.03
Caribbean Court of Justice, 410.03
change of governing law, 420.06, 930.07, 950.01, 950.02, 950.03, 950.04, 950.05, 950.06, 950.07, 950.08, 1250.01, 1250.02, 1250.03, 1250.04, 1250.05, 1250.06, 1250.07, 1250.08, B60.01, B60.02, B60.03
closest connection, 420.02
common law, 410.01
deeds, 1250.08
definition of a trust, 530.01
definition of international trust, 420.04
domestic trusts, 650.08
duress clauses, B60.01
flight clauses, 950.01, 950.02, 950.04, 950.05, 950.07, 950.08, B60.02
formalities of trust creation, 530.04
governing law and forum, C01.07
Law of Property Act section 149, 530.09
Lawrence decision, 2620.05
LLC and the foundation, 2620.07
migration of trusts, 420.07, 950.03
New York, 530.09
Pugachev decision, 950.06
registration of international trusts, B20.02, B20.03
Rensin decision, 420.07, 2620.04
reserved powers, 930.07
Restatement rule, 2620.02
Section 7(6), 530.08
separate legal personality, 1930.06
single-member LLCs, 1680.01
statutory rule, 420.01
trust deeds, 690.03
Choosing a vehicle, 120.05, 1880.01, 2280.01, 2280.07, 2290.02
American client with litigation exposure, 2280.02
Belize resident, 2280.06
choice in outline, 2720.01
company as a holding vehicle, 2720.05
domestic vehicle, 2720.06
forced heirship, 2280.04
foundation as the top vehicle, 2720.03
LLC as the holding vehicle, 2720.04
operating business, 2280.09
private trust companies, 2280.08
recognition of trusts abroad, 2280.03
Section 7(6)(b): succession, 2280.04
spouses, 2280.05
trust as the top vehicle, 2720.02
Civil contempt, 960.03, 2680.04
Brown decision, 2630.02
criminal liability, 2680.04
duress clauses, 960.01, 960.02, 960.03, 960.04, 960.05, 960.06, 2640.07
Federal Trade Commission, 2630.02
flight clauses, 960.03
impossibility defence, 960.04, 2640.03, 2640.04
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 960.02, 2690.01
Pugachev decision, 960.05
repatriation orders, 2640.01, 2640.02, 2640.03, 2640.04, 2640.05, 2640.06, 2640.07, 2640.08
spouses, 880.06
See also Impossibility defence
Civil Procedure Rules 2025, 401.07, 2501.03, 2510.05, 2510.07, 2540.02
administration claims, 2510.06
anti-suit injunctions, 2550.01, 2550.02, 2550.03, 2550.04
directions applications, 2570.02, 2570.03
evidence, 2530.01, 2530.02, 2530.03, 2530.04, 2530.05, 2530.07, 2560.08
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.02, 2560.03, 2560.05, 2560.06, 2560.08
fixed date claims, 2530.02
High Court of Belize, 401.07, 2501.02
in camera proceedings, 2520.01, 2520.08
interim relief, 2540.09, 2550.01, 2550.03, 2550.04, 2560.05, 2560.06
service out of the jurisdiction, 2560.02, 2560.03
strike-out, 2590.06
Class, 1580.01
Classes of beneficiaries, 2960.04, 2990.02
Common Reporting Standard, 2910.06, 2980.02
deeds, 920.04, E20.02, E20.05, F10.01
Forms (Appendix E), E20.02, E20.05
foundation by-laws, 1960.02, 2060.02
Clawback. See Forced heirship
Code of Conduct Regulations, 301.02, 320.07, 330.09, 360.08, 370.05, 390.04, 390.09
audit, 1380.02, 1380.05, 1380.07
banks and KYC, 1380.02, 1380.05
criminal liability, 330.11, 370.12
fines and penalties (Belize), 330.11, 370.12
fit and proper requirements, 340.04, 340.05, 340.06, 340.12
insurance, 340.04, 340.05, 340.06, 340.12
international cooperation, 380.01, 380.06, 380.07, 380.08
new regulations, 310.06
reporting entities, 2930.07
supervisory bodies, 2930.07
Colorado
brokerage and custodians, 1170.10
criminal liability, 2680.09
duress clauses, 2750.08
evidence, 490.06
existing and future creditors, 2360.07
foreign insolvency proceedings, 1770.03
foreign judgment creditors, 490.06
receivers, 2680.09
settlor control, 2750.08
spouses, 1770.03
stay of proceedings, 2590.08
strike-out, 2590.08
ten-year look-back (§ 548(e)), 2360.07
trust property, 1170.10
Common Reporting Standard, 2910.06, 3080.08
FATCA, 2920.05, 2980.01, 2980.02, 2980.03, 2980.04, 2980.05, 2980.06, 2980.07
investment powers, 2980.02
private trust companies, 2980.04
U.S. persons, 2980.07
See also FATCA
Common Reporting Standard, controlling persons, 2920.06, 2980.07
FATCA, 2980.01, 2980.02, 2980.03, 2980.04, 2980.05, 2980.07
U.S. persons, 2980.07
Companies. See Belize Companies Act 2022
Company secretary, 2070.03, 2070.06
changing the registered agent, 2070.02
compliance inspections of relevant persons, 2070.08
non-residence requirement, 1940.06
personal liability of officers, 2070.07
recording changes, 2070.05
registered agent, 2070.01
registers the foundation keeps, 2070.04
secretary as an alternative, 2020.06
Compromise and settlement, 2320.01
Attorney General, 2580.02, 2580.07
Confidentiality of registers, 140.05
Conflicts of interest, 2020.04
Connected persons, 360.01, 1310.03, 2450.04, 2470.09
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 2310.08, 2460.10
criminal liability, 330.11, 370.12
fines and penalties (Belize), 330.11, 370.12
private trust companies, 1310.05, 1390.04
voidable transactions, 2310.08, 2450.03, 2450.04, 2450.05, 2450.09, 2450.11, 2460.10
Connected trust business, 1310.04
Consenters, 980.02
admission of members, C80.03, C80.04
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 980.05
charitable trusts, 1090.04
enforcers, 980.01, 980.02, 980.03, 980.04, 980.05, 980.06, 980.07, 980.08
foundation by-laws, D30.13, D50.03, D50.06
gift-over, 1090.04
investment advisers, 980.02
migration of trusts, 980.08
minutes and resolutions, C80.04
transparency, 980.01, 980.04, 980.06, 980.07
trust agents, 980.03
Constitution of Belize, 101.02, 190.02, 201.06, 210.02, 210.06, 210.08, 230.07, 230.08
Caribbean Court of Justice, 140.03, 230.09, 250.05, 260.04, 260.06, 260.07, 260.09, 450.05, 2590.05
constitution as supreme law, 210.01
Court of Appeal of Belize, 240.05, 260.04
Construction of instruments, 420.03, 1430.03, 1430.04, 1430.05, 1430.07, 1430.08, 1430.10
2023 information definitions, 1430.11
change of governing law, 950.06, 1250.04, B60.02, B60.03
charitable trusts, 1050.03, 1210.05
definition section, 1430.01
duress clauses, 1430.06
flight clauses, 1430.06, B60.02
liability shield, 1430.02, 1460.06
LLC (Amendment) Acts 2023, 1420.01, 1430.09
Pugachev decision, 920.04, 940.03, 950.06
rule of construction, 1430.12
Contempt. See Civil contempt
Contempt of court. See Civil contempt
Continuation, 1580.04, 2260.02, 2260.05, 2270.01, 2270.04, 2270.05, 2270.09
articles of continuance, 2260.03
certificate and its effect, 2260.04
contrast with the trust, 2260.10
conversion between kinds, 2270.06
departing foundation and its creditors, 2260.09
distribution waterfall, 1580.10
domicile, 430.04, 1420.08, 1580.01, 1580.02, 1580.03, 1580.04, 1580.05, 1580.06, 1580.08, 1580.09, 2260.06, 2270.01, 2270.03, 2270.10
foundation to trust, 2270.08
insolvency, meaning of, 1870.09
limitation of foundation claims, 2260.06
liquidation, 1870.08
LLC and the creditor-law clock, 2270.02
migration of trusts, 2260.01
out of Belize, 2260.08
reinstatement and restoration, 1580.07, 1870.06
restoration to the register, 1580.07, 1870.06
series, 1580.01, 1580.02, 1580.03, 1580.04, 1580.05, 1580.06, 1580.08, 1580.09, 1580.10
strike-off of companies, 1870.01, 1870.02, 1870.03, 1870.04, 1870.05, 1870.07, 1870.08, 1870.09
Continuation of foreign foundations, 1970.05, 2010.01, 2260.02, 2260.05
certificate and its effect, 2260.04
subsection (4), 2160.07
Contract-based claims, 1650.07
Control persons (beneficial ownership), 2080.02, 2770.02, 2960.01, 2960.04
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 570.06, 680.06, 750.09, 980.05, 1070.04, 1370.02, 1370.07, 1370.08, 2960.05, 2960.09, E20.06
Conversion, 2270.05, 2270.09, 2270.10
between kinds, 2270.06
continuation of a company, 2270.04
domicile, 2270.01, 2270.03, 2270.10
foundation to trust, 2270.08
LLC and the creditor-law clock, 2270.02
non-residence requirement, 2270.07
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 2270.10
Cook Islands
burden of proof, 1780.01
change of governing law, 950.08
civil contempt, 960.03, 2690.01
duress clauses, 960.03
English law, reception of, 130.01
flight clauses, 950.08
fraud, 2190.02
international trusts, 1120.02
investment advisers, 130.07
Law of Property Act section 149, 1180.05
migration of trusts, 1270.09
offshore financial centre history, 1490.03
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 130.01, 130.04, 130.07, 1120.05, 1180.05, 1410.03, 1490.03, 1490.04, 1780.01, 2190.02, 2690.01
Privy Council, 130.04
records retention, 1270.09
Section 7(6), 1120.02, 1120.05
three certainties, 610.08
validity of trusts, 610.08
Corporate trustees, 710.03, 2490.09, E01.05
banks and KYC, 1380.01, 1380.03
insolvency, meaning of, 840.08, 2320.05
New York, 720.09
Co-trustees, 680.03, 720.04, 750.03, 1190.05, 2790.06
directions applications, 790.07, 790.08, 790.09
exoneration clauses, 550.05, 780.04
foreign orders, response to, 790.07, 790.08, 790.09, B50.01
international trusts, 1330.02
private trust companies, 1330.02
Texas, 710.08
trustee remuneration, 780.04
Council of a foundation. See Foundation council
Court of Appeal of Belize, 140.02, 240, 240.01, 240.03, 270.01
appeals from, 240.06
Bar Association decision, 210.09, 240.05
Caribbean Court of Justice, 140.03, 260.04, 260.05, 2590.05
composition after 2022, 240.02
legal profession, 240.05
Maya Leaders Alliance decision, 260.08
non-residence requirement, 240.04
Court of Justice, Caribbean. See Caribbean Court of Justice
Creditors, existing. See Existing and future creditors
Creditors, future. See Existing and future creditors
Criminal liability, 1920.02, 2680.08
accounting records, 1990.01
annual renewal, 1470.05
Belize fiduciary's response, 2680.07
Caribbean Court of Justice, 260.04, 260.07
civil contempt, 2680.04
claims by tax authorities, 2680.05
criminal exposure, 2680.06
criminal proceeds, 1670.08
fees, 560.11, 1470.01, 1470.02, 1470.03, 1470.04, 1470.05, 1470.06, 1470.07, 1470.08, 1470.09, 1470.10, 1470.11, 1470.12, 1990.01, 1990.02, 1990.03, 1990.04, 1990.05, 1990.06, 1990.07, 1990.08, 1990.09
financial intelligence, 2970.02
fines and penalties (Belize), 330.11, 370.12, 570.10, 680.08, 750.11, 1470.09, 1990.07, 2080.07, 2870.07
foreign currency, 1470.06, 2080.07
foundation by-laws, 1990.09
in camera proceedings, 1440.06, 1440.07
information, regulation and criminal process, 1170.08
international cooperation, 380.04, 380.06
liability shield, 1450.13, 1460.09, 1610.01
privilege, 1470.12
register of beneficial owners, 1990.03
regulators as creditors, 2680.01
regulatory enforcement, 370.12, 570.10, 1370.10, 2680.02, 2870.07, 2950.01, 2950.02, 2950.03, 2950.04, 2950.05, 2950.06, 2950.07
reinstatement and restoration, 1470.07
separate legal personality, 1610.01, 1610.10
suspicious transaction reports, 2950.01, 2950.02, 2950.03, 2950.04, 2950.05, 2950.06, 2950.07
time limits for registration, 750.11
Cross-border insolvency, 470.04, 2480.03
anti-suit injunctions, 2550.07
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 470.02, 2410.01
evidence, 2560.08
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.01, 2560.02, 2560.03, 2560.04, 2560.05, 2560.06, 2560.07, 2560.08, 2560.09
exempt property, 2120.04
foreign insolvency proceedings, 470.02, 470.03, 470.04, 470.05, 470.07, 2560.07
foreign representatives, 2460.06
foreign trustees, 2480.01, 2480.02, 2480.03, 2480.04, 2480.05, 2480.06, 2480.07, 2480.08, 2480.09
freezing orders, 280.06, 2550.07
interim relief, 280.06, 2560.01, 2560.04, 2560.05, 2560.06
letters of request, 2560.09
receivers, 2410.01
representation of beneficiaries, 2460.06
Section 7(7), 1160.09
service out of the jurisdiction, 2560.02, 2560.03
voidable transactions, 470.04
CRS. See Common Reporting Standard
Custody of assets
audit, 1380.04
bank accounts, 640.05
brokerage and custodians, 730.05
formalities of trust creation, 640.05
investment powers, 1380.04
nominee arrangements, 730.05
Customer due diligence, 2940.01, 2940.06
due diligence on the intermediary, 390.03
FATF and CFATF, 2910.02
politically exposed persons, 2940.01, 2940.02, 2940.03, 2940.04, 2940.05, 2940.06, 2940.07, 2940.08
Cy-près. See Charitable trusts
Cyprus and other jurisdictions, 330.09, 1590.09, 1980.01, 2260.02, 2740.10
member's interest in LLC property, 1660.10, 1730.05
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1680.08, 2690.01
D
De facto control, 2770.02, 2960.04, 2960.06
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 570.06, 680.06, 750.09, 980.05, 1070.04, 1370.02, 1370.07, 1370.08, 2960.05, 2960.09, E20.06
Common Reporting Standard, 2910.06, 2980.02
Debts, inability to pay. See Insolvency, meaning of
Decanting, 1240.06, 1280.01, 1280.07
accounts of trustees, 1280.09
Allfrey decision, 1240.06
Bermuda, 1250.06
change of governing law, 1250.06
consequences in Belize, 1280.04
deregistration and records, 1280.10
distribution and retention, 1280.08
failure and lapse, 1280.06
limits of the power, 1280.02
Model power, 1290.05
one settlement or two, 1280.03
regulatory enforcement, 1280.05
variation by the court, 1240.06
Deeds, 530.06, 540.12, 590.06, 810.04, 860.06, B01.05, B10, B20, B30, B60, B70, B90
accumulation, 690.04
administrative record, E20.01
amending acts, 310.07
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1370.08
appointment of trustees, E20.03
beneficiary provisions of a Belize, 890.06
change of governing law, 950.06, 1250.08, 1290.03, B60.01, B60.02, E30.01, E30.02, E30.03, E30.04
clause 1.4, B10.04
definition of international trust, B01.04
displacing the default, 920.03
duress clauses, 2750.08, B60.01
execution formalities, B70.05
flight clauses, B60.02, E30.01
formalities of trust creation, 620.08
Forms (Appendix E), E10.01, E10.02, E10.04, E10.05, E20.02, E20.03, E20.04, E20.05, E30.02, E30.03, E30.04
funding the structure, B90.01, B90.02, B90.03, E10.01, E10.02, E10.04, E10.05
heading and parties, B10.01
international trusts, 620.08, F10.01
letters of wishes, 990.03, 990.07
migration of trusts, 1260.03, 3050.09
minutes and resolutions, E20.02
New Zealand, 920.04
notes on Article 1, B10.03
private trust companies, 1370.08
protective trusts, B30.01, B30.03
Pugachev decision, 920.04, 920.05, 940.03, 950.06
residence of trustees, 540.08
Rule against perpetuities, 1210.02, 1210.03, 1210.07
settlor control, 2750.08
trust deeds, 690.04
trustee remuneration, 920.07
Definition of international trust, C01.03
international trusts, 420.04, 570.07, 1330.01, F10.01, F10.05
majority voting, C50.02, C60.05
migration of trusts, 1290.06, F10.05
private trust companies, 1330.01
Delegation by trustees, 320.03, 701.03, 2030.05
foundation by-laws, D50.05
investment powers, 760.03, 1380.04
Deposit for creditor claims, 490.05, 2160.03, 2160.08, 2540.02, 2540.06, 2540.07
admission of members, 1740.08
applications by outsiders, 2160.14
continuation of foreign foundations, 2160.07
costs capping, 2540.03
costs in foundation proceedings, 2540.05
foreign currency, 2540.09
foreign judgment creditors, 490.05
foundations act deposit, 2540.08
guarantees, 1710.07
heads of claim, 2160.01, 2160.06
interim relief, 2540.09
LLC act deposit, 2540.07
Section 100, 2160.12
Section 101, 2160.10
security for costs, 2540.06
strike-out, 2590.03
transfers to LLCs, challenges to, 1740.08
Determining event, 830.06
Direction not to comply, 2680.08
Directions applications, 790.02, 2570.02, 2570.03, 2570.07, 2570.08
Beddoe applications, 2570.08
Brown decision, 790.05
Civil Procedure Rules 2025, 2570.02
evidence, 2570.05
foreign judgment creditors, 2570.04
foreign orders, response to, 790.01, 790.02, 790.03, 790.04, 790.05, 790.06, 790.07, 790.08, 790.09, 1130.09, 1190.04, 2170.03, B50.03
foundation by-laws, 2090.03
foundation councils, 2570.10
investment powers, 930.06
practice directions, 270.07
receivers, 2570.11
Rensin decision, 2570.06
reserved powers, 930.06
settlor control, 2750.06
statutory power, 2570.01
surrender of discretion, 2570.09
trust property, 790.01, 790.03, 1190.04
See also Foreign orders, response to
Directors' duties, 1350.01, 1350.08, 2030.06
breach of trust, 1350.04, 1350.05
disqualified and former directors, 1350.07
indemnity of trustees, 1350.06, 1850.05
insurance, 1350.06
private trust companies, 1350.03
statutory duties, 1350.02
Disclosure of trustee status, 680.05, 1490.06
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 570.06, 1530.12, 2960.09
criminal liability, 750.11, 1470.02, 1470.09
fines and penalties (Belize), 750.11, 1460.01, 1470.09, 2960.09
funding the structure, D90.05, F10.02
liability shield, 1460.01, 1460.07, 1460.08, 1460.09, 1460.12, F30.04
private trust companies, 1360.06, 1390.04, 2930.05, F60.01
register of beneficial owners, 1460.07, 1530.12
registration of international trusts, B20.02, B20.03
Discovery, 2670.05
Belize confidentiality in a foreign court, 2670.03
documents within the debtor's control, 2670.02
evidence, 2530.05, 2530.06, 2670.06
government-to-government exchange, 2670.07
information as the creditor's first objective, 2670.01
letters of wishes, 970.07, 970.09
Section 1782, 2670.04
Discretion, exercise of, 801.04, 2060.11
letters of wishes, 970.01, 970.03
mistake in exercise of powers, 770.01, 770.02, 770.03, 770.04, 770.05, 770.06
Pitt v. Holt, 770.02
Discretionary trusts, 820, 820.04, 820.05, 820.08, 830, 880
beneficial interest, nature of, 820.01
criminal liability, 750.11, 2680.09
discretionary interests, 820.03
fixed interests, 820.02, 830.10
insolvency, meaning of, 840.07
letters of wishes, 820.07, 970.06
protective trusts, 830.09, 840.07, 1240.04, B30.03
Pugachev decision, 920.04
Schmidt v. Rosewood, 750.06, 820.04
spendthrift provisions, 830.05, 830.09, 830.10
trustees' duties, 820.06
Disregarded entities. See Entity classification
Dissolution and winding up, 1420.07, 1580.09, 1820.06, 1870.05, 1870.06, 1970.08, 1970.09, 2470.02
annual renewal, 1470.05
anti-avoidance rules, 2870.09
assignees, 1720.07
criminal liability, 1470.01, 1470.02, 1470.03, 1470.04, 1470.05, 1470.07, 1470.08, 1470.09, 1470.10, 1470.11, 1470.12
domicile, 1580.01, 1580.02, 1580.03, 1580.04, 1580.05, 1580.06, 1580.08, 1580.09
fees, 1470.01, 1470.02, 1470.03, 1470.04, 1470.06, 1470.08, 1470.10, 1470.11
foundation by-laws, D50.10
insolvency, meaning of, 1870.09
liability shield, F30.06
reinstatement and restoration, 1470.07, 1580.07, 1870.06, 1970.09
restoration to the register, 1580.07, 1870.06
retention after dissolution, 1860.09
retention and dissolution, 2960.08
series, 1580.01, 1580.02, 1580.03, 1580.04, 1580.05, 1580.06, 1580.08, 1580.09, 1580.10
strike-off of companies, 560.09, 660.10, 1870.01, 1870.02, 1870.03, 1870.04, 1870.05, 1870.07, 1870.08, 1870.09, 1970.09, 2870.09, F50.06
withdrawal and expulsion, 1720.07
Distributable net income, 3040.02
Distributions, 550.02, 890.02, 1530.06, 1530.07, 1530.08, 1590.03, 1840.06, 1840.07, 2030.04, 2060.07
admission of members, 1530.01
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1530.12
assignees, 1530.01, 1720.06, 1720.07, 1790.03, C50.02, C50.03
audit, 1380.01, 1380.02, 1380.03, 1380.04, 1380.05, 1380.06, 1380.07
banks and KYC, 1380.01, 1380.02, 1380.03, 1380.05, 1380.06
bearer instruments, 1840.02
bearer shares, 1840.02
beneficiaries' information rights, 1530.11
books and records of LLCs, 1840.03
capital accounts, 1530.05
decanting, 1280.08
distribution waterfall, 1580.10
dividend withholding, 2840.06
exempt property, 2120.08
exemption of the endowment, 2120.08
expulsion of members, 1550.03
Form 3520, 3060.04
foundation by-laws, D50.04
investment powers, 1380.04, 3080.02
Nevis, 1780.01
non-residence requirement, 2840.06
Notice to members, 1530.10
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1780.01
series, 1580.10
status of a creditor, 1620.07
tax payments for members, 1760.04
throwback rules, 890.03, 3040.03
trust agents, 1380.07, 1380.08
U.S. settlors, 3080.02
withdrawal and expulsion, 1550.03, 1720.07
wrongful distributions, 1620.06
Dividend withholding
Economic Substance Act 2019, 2880.06, 2890.03
fees, 2840.04
Income and Business Tax Act, 2840.07, 2880.06, 2890.03
non-residence requirement, 2840.01, 2840.02, 2840.03, 2840.04, 2840.05, 2840.06, 2840.07
Divorce, 170.06
assignees, 1770.01
California, 1140.03
choosing a vehicle, 2280.05
civil contempt, 880.06
cross-border insolvency, 1770.04, 2120.04
discretionary trusts, 880.03
fixed interests, 880.02
foreign insolvency proceedings, 1770.03, 1770.05
foreign orders, response to, 880.04
matrimonial property, 1140.03
member's interest in LLC property, 1660.08
Rensin decision, 880.09
Section 7(6)(a): marriage, 880.05
spouses, 880.01, 880.02, 880.03, 880.04, 880.05, 880.06, 880.07, 880.08, 880.09, 1310.04, 1660.08, 1770.01, 1770.02, 1770.03, 1770.04, 1770.05, 1770.06, 1770.07, 2060.12, 2120.04, 2280.05, 2710.05
See also Section 7(6)(a): marriage
Domestic trusts, 650.01, 650.05, 650.06, 670.01, 3010.04
2007 definition, 650.02
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1370.09
business tax, 2830.11
fees, 560.11
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.11
international trusts, 570.08, 650.07
loss of international status, 650.09
migration of trusts, 1260.09, 1270.06, 3050.04
non-residence requirement, 650.03, 2210.06
proper law no longer an element, 650.08
public trust register, 670.01
registration of domestic trusts, 670.01, 670.02, 670.03, 670.04, 670.05, 670.06, 670.07
Section 7(6), 1120.09
trust administration, 670.06, 1370.09
trust agents, 560.11, 660.12, 1290.01
trustee act, 1923, 580.05
trustee requirement, 650.04
Domicile, 1420.08, 2270.01, 2270.03, 2290.03
capacity of settlor, 630.02, 1140.07
distribution waterfall, 1580.10
limitation of foundation claims, 2260.06
Nevis, 2270.10
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 2270.10
reinstatement and restoration, 1580.07
restoration to the register, 1580.07
series, 1580.01, 1580.02, 1580.03, 1580.04, 1580.05, 1580.06, 1580.08, 1580.09, 1580.10
transfer of domicile, 430.04
Due diligence by trustees, 170.07, 1190.09, 1590.09, 2990.02, 2990.07
customer due diligence, 2940.05, 2940.07
Duration of trusts, 530.06, 530.10, 690.04, 1050.01, 1210, 1290, 1710.05
accumulation, 530.05, 690.04, 1050.01, 1050.02, 1050.03, 1050.04, 1050.05
annual renewal, 350.03, 350.04, 350.05
articles of organisation, 1510.08
certificate of good standing, 350.07
charitable foundations, 1950.01, 1950.02, 1950.03, 1950.04, 1950.05, 1950.06, 1950.07, 1950.08
charitable trusts, 1050.02, 1050.03, 1050.05, 1210.05
civil contempt, 2640.06
definition of a trust, 530.01
discretionary trusts, 820.08
fees, 1510.08
formalities of trust creation, 530.04
Law of Property Act section 149, 530.09
Model trust period and default provision, 1290.04
New York, 530.09
notes on Article 12, B40.02
notes on Article 13, B40.03
notes on Article 14, B40.04
proper law, 530.03
purpose foundations, 1950.01, 1950.02, 1950.03, 1950.04, 1950.05, 1950.06, 1950.07, 1950.08
purpose trusts, 1210.06
regulatory enforcement, 350.01, 350.02, 350.03, 350.04, 350.05, 350.06, 350.08
repatriation orders, 2640.06
Rule against perpetuities, 1210.01, 1210.02, 1210.03, 1210.04, 1210.05, 1210.06, 1210.07, 1210.08
Section 7(6), 530.08
standing to sue, 350.07
transparency, 2240.01, 2240.02, 2240.03, 2240.04, 2240.05, 2240.06
trust deeds, 690.04
trust property, B40.01
validity in Belize, 530.02
validity of trusts, 530.07
writing requirement, 530.04
Duress. See Duress clauses
Duress clauses, 960.03, 1430.06, 1570.01, 2030.13, 2750.05
change of governing law, B60.01, B60.02, E30.01
civil contempt, 960.01, 960.02, 960.03, 960.04, 960.05, 960.06, 2640.07
construction of instruments, 1430.06
deeds, B60.01
emergency managers, 1570.01, 1570.09
flight clauses, 960.03, 990.04, 1430.06, 1570.01, 2750.08, B60.02, C70.02, D50.06, E30.01
foundation by-laws, D50.06
impossibility defence, 960.04
letters of wishes, 990.04
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 960.02
Pugachev decision, 960.05
repatriation orders, 2640.07
settlor control, 2750.05, 2750.08
See also Flight clauses
E
Economic substance. See Economic Substance Act 2019
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1360.09, 1810.03, 2860.01
anti-avoidance rules, 2870.09
audit, 2870.05
criminal liability, 2870.07
electronic filing, 2870.04
fines and penalties (Belize), 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03, 2870.04, 2870.05, 2870.06, 2870.07, 2870.08, 2870.10
Income and Business Tax Act, 2801.01, 2880.01, 2880.06, 2890.03
liability shield, 1450.15
non-profit organisations, 1070.08
private trust companies, 2860.11
relevant activities (economic substance), 1450.15, 2860.01, 2860.02, 2860.03, 2860.05, 2860.06, 2860.07, 2860.08, 2860.09, 2860.10, 2860.11, 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03, 2880.01, 2890.03
strike-off of companies, 2870.09
substance and tax, 1890.05
substance requirements, 2860.01, 2860.02, 2860.03, 2860.04, 2860.05, 2860.06, 2860.07, 2860.08, 2860.09, 2860.10, 2870.06
tax residence, 2860.04
trust agents, 1070.08
Election of tax status (Belize), 1490.02, 1490.06, 1880.07, 2880.04
business tax, 2830.03, 2830.05, 2830.10
dividend withholding, 2840.02, 2840.04
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1450.15, 2890.03
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.03, 2830.05, 2830.06, 2830.10, 2830.13, 2880.01, 2890.03
Electronic filing, 140.05, 370.05, 1490.06, 2960.06, 2990.07
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1530.12, 2960.09
criminal liability, 1470.02, 1990.03, 1990.08
Economic Substance Act 2019, 2870.04
fines and penalties (Belize), 2870.04, 2960.09
liability shield, F30.01, F30.04
Emergency and succession planning, 540.02, 1590.09, 2050.05
expulsion of members, 1550.05
incapacity of settlor or member, 1550.05, 1590.05, 2010.10
Emergency managers, 1401.04, 1420.07, 1570.04, 1570.08, 1570.09, 1590.09
automatic removal of managers, 1570.02
duress clauses, 1570.01, 1570.09, 2750.05, C70.02
flight clauses, 1570.01, C70.02
liability shield, 120.02, F30.01
notes to Article 5, C20.06
prohibition on honouring compelled instructions, 1570.05
reading section 65(1), 1570.03
scope of section 65(6), 1570.06
separate legal personality, 1610.04, 1610.09
succession committee, 1570.08
voting rights, 1570.07
charitable trusts, 1040.03, 1090.03
criminal liability, 330.11, 370.12, 1470.12
exoneration clauses, 780.02, 2040.14
fines and penalties (Belize), 330.11, 370.11, 370.12
indemnity of trustees, 1850.06, 1850.09
liability shield, 1460.11, 1601.01, 1610.01
private trust companies, 1310.06, 1310.09, 1330.02
separate legal personality, 1610.01, 1610.04, 1610.05, 1610.06, 1610.08
Endowment, 1930.03, 1980.01, 1980.02, 1980.04, 2110.02, 2110.09
Article 9, D30.01
community property, 1980.05
creditors of council members, 2110.08
Florida, 2110.10
foundation owns, 2110.01
management of the endowment, 2030.02
no proprietary interest of founder, council or beneficiaries, 2110.03, 2110.06, 2110.07
no validation of a defective title, 1980.03
protected property, 1980.06
sample charters and the statute, 2110.05
separate legal personality, 1930.03
significance of section 35 for creditors, 2110.04
stamp duty, 1980.07
See also Exemption of the endowment
Enforcement of foreign judgments. See Recognition of foreign judgments
Enforcers, 901.04, 980.01, 1030.01, 1030.02, 1030.04
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 980.05
charitable purposes, 1020.09, D80.02
consenters, 980.01, 980.02, 980.04, 980.06, 980.07
defining the duty in the instrument, 1030.04
family members, 1030.05, 1340.04
investment advisers, 980.02
Jersey, 1020.08
migration of trusts, 980.08
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1020.08
private trust companies, 1320.07, 1340.04
procedural means of enforcement, 1030.03
protector's own liability, 1030.06
purpose foundations, 1950.02, D80.02
purpose trusts, 910.08, 1001.03, 1020.09
transparency, 980.01, 980.03, 980.04, 980.05, 980.06, 980.07, 980.08
trust agents, 980.03
English law, reception of, 101.02, 190.02, 220.02, 220.03, 220.09
High Court of Belize, 220.05
law and equity, 220.07
link applied, 220.06
local legislation, 220.08
post-reception English decisions, 220.04
reception statute, 220.01
United Kingdom, 220.05
Entity classification, 1490.02, 1760.02, 1890.02, 1890.06, 1890.07, 2250.01, 2250.03, 2250.07, 2830.03, 3020.01, 3020.03, 3020.04, 3020.07
classification for American purposes, 1480.08
Common Reporting Standard, 2980.01
directors and control, 1890.04
domestic trusts, 650.01
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1890.05
FATCA, 2980.01
Forms 5471, 8858 and 8865, 2250.08
international trusts, 1330.09
liability shield, 3020.02
ownership records, 1890.03
partnerships, 3020.08
private trust companies, 1330.09
public companies, 1890.06
recognition and protection, 2250.04
recognition of the trust, 2250.02
relevance of classification, 3020.07
United States classification of the foundation, 2250.06
United States classification of the trust, 2250.05
See also Form 8832
Equity
English law, reception of, 220.07
ESA. See Economic Substance Act 2019
Estate planning, 530.10
admission of members, 1540.01, 1540.03
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.09, 2830.12
substituted members, 1540.01, 1540.03
succession, law of, 110.01
Estate tax. See Gift and estate tax
EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, 150.01, 150.08, 2920.06
European Union list, 2910.08, 2920.04
international business companies, 2810.06
Evasion principle, 1650.08
Event of duress. See Duress clauses
Evidence, 2380.09, 2390.01, 2390.08, 2390.09, 2530.09, 2690.07, 2740.02
anti-suit injunctions, 2550.04
Attorney General, 2580.04, 2580.05
case management, 2530.03
change of governing law, E30.03, E30.04
Civil Procedure Rules 2025, 2530.02, 2530.07, 2590.06
Colorado, 490.06
cross-border insolvency, 2560.01, 2560.04, 2560.05, 2560.06, 2560.08
directions applications, 270.07, 2570.05, 2570.11
disclosure and the statutory confidentiality duties, 2530.06
discovery, 2670.05, 2670.06, 2670.07
fixed date claims, 2530.02
foreign insolvency proceedings, 2560.07
foreign judgment creditors, 490.01, 490.02, 490.03, 490.04, 490.05, 490.06
foreign law as fact, 2530.08
Forms (Appendix E), E10.04, E10.05, E10.06, E10.07, E30.03, E30.04
funding the structure, E10.05, E10.06, E10.07
interim relief, 490.04, 2550.04, 2560.01, 2560.02, 2560.03, 2560.04, 2560.05, 2560.06, 2560.07, 2560.08, 2560.09
letters of request, 2560.09
location of the assets, 2390.05
ordinary claim, 2530.01
pleading paragraph (c) in Belize, 2390.06
recognition of foreign judgments, 440.07
Section 99, 2160.09
service out of the jurisdiction, 490.02, 2560.02, 2560.03
settlor's position at home, 2390.07
solvency evidence, 2390.02
specific disclosure, 2530.05
standard disclosure, 2530.04
timing, proportion and purpose, 2390.04
trial and judgment, 2530.10
trustee's diligence, 2390.03
Evidence for foreign courts, 2670.04
cross-border insolvency, 2560.01, 2560.04, 2560.05, 2560.06, 2560.08
foreign insolvency proceedings, 2560.07
interim relief, 2560.01, 2560.02, 2560.03, 2560.04, 2560.05, 2560.06, 2560.07, 2560.08, 2560.09
letters of request, 2560.09
Exchange of information, 570.05, 750.05, 2910.05, 2970.01
anti-avoidance rules, 2870.09
audit, 2870.05
competent authority, 570.05
confidentiality preserved, 2970.07
criminal liability, 2870.07, 2970.02
discovery, 2670.01, 2670.02, 2670.03, 2670.04, 2670.05, 2670.06, 2670.07
dividend withholding, 2840.07
Economic Substance Act 2019, 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03, 2870.04, 2870.05, 2870.06, 2870.08, 2870.10
electronic filing, 2870.04
evidence, 2670.06
fines and penalties (Belize), 2870.07, 2870.08, 2870.10
non-residence requirement, 2840.07
private litigants, 2970.06
regulatory cooperation, 2970.03
relevant activities (economic substance), 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03
statutory overrides of confidence, 2970.04
strike-off of companies, 2870.09
substance requirements, 2870.06
Exclusion clauses for protectors
protector's liability, 920.06
Exclusive remedy, 1730.01
Execution formalities, D01.07
drafting note to the execution block, D30.20
formalities of trust creation, 620.08, 620.10
international trusts, 620.08
Executors and personal representatives, 720.05, 1840.06, 2030.04, 2060.07
Exempt property, 2470.09
assignment of beneficial interests, 2120.01, 2120.03, 2120.05, 2120.06, 2120.07, 2120.08, 2120.09, 2120.10, 2120.11
cross-border insolvency, 2120.04
exemption of the endowment, 2120.01, 2120.02, 2120.03, 2120.05, 2120.06, 2120.07, 2120.08, 2120.09, 2120.10, 2120.11
spendthrift provisions, 2120.02
spouses, 2120.04
Exempt trusts (pre-2007), 560.01
registration of international trusts, 520.06, 660.12
transitional rule for exempt trusts, 560.10
Exemption of the endowment, 2120.06
assignment of beneficial interests, 2120.01, 2120.03, 2120.05, 2120.06, 2120.07, 2120.08, 2120.09, 2120.10, 2120.11
cross-border insolvency, 2120.04
exempt property, 2120.01, 2120.02, 2120.03, 2120.05, 2120.06, 2120.07, 2120.08, 2120.09, 2120.10, 2120.11
spendthrift provisions, 2120.02
spouses, 2120.04
Existing and future creditors, 2350.07, 2360.01
Brown decision, 1180.06, 2630.01
civil contempt, 960.03, 2690.01
contrast with codes, 2360.04
creditor and the settlor's home court, 2360.05
creditor in Belize, 2360.06
foreign law, 2360.02
future creditor, 2360.07
paragraph (c) makes no distinction, 2360.03
Exoneration clauses, 701.05, 780.06, 1520.09, 2040.03, 2040.05
accounts of trustees, 780.09
breach of trust, 780.03
Co-members and predecessors, 2040.04
co-trustees, 780.04
definition of breach, 2040.02
exculpation by default, 2040.05
exemption clauses, 870.03
former officers and third parties, 2040.14
foundation by-laws, 2040.15
fraud, 2040.06, 2040.07, 2040.08
implied trusts, 780.07, 2040.09
indemnity of trustees, 780.01, 780.02, 780.05, 780.06, 780.08, 2040.11
proprietary injunctions, 780.07, 2040.09
protector authorisation as a shield, 2040.13
release by a founder or beneficiary, 2040.10
relief by the court, 2040.12
structure of part VII on liability, 2040.01
trustee remuneration, 780.01, 780.02, 780.03, 780.04, 780.05, 780.06, 780.08, 780.09
Expulsion of members
emergency and succession planning, 1550.05
incapacity of settlor or member, 1550.05
withdrawal and expulsion, 1550.01, 1550.02, 1550.03, 1550.04, 1550.06, 1550.07, 1550.08
F
Failure pattern, 2790.02
Family foundations, D80.01
Family members, 2020.04
admission of members, 1590.04, C80.01
case Model B serves, C40.01
enforcers, 1030.05
notes to Article B9, C60.01
private trust companies, 1080.01, 1301.03, 1310.09, 1320.09, 1340.04, 2730.03
Common Reporting Standard, 2920.05, 2980.01, 2980.02, 2980.03, 2980.04, 2980.05, 2980.06
investment powers, 2980.02, 2980.07
private trust companies, 2980.04
U.S. persons, 2980.07
See also Common Reporting Standard
FATF and CFATF, 150.01, 320.02, 570.02, 1401.03, 1401.05, 1940.03, 2910.01, 2910.02, 2920.02, 2920.06
CFATF fourth-round mutual evaluation, 2920.02
FBAR, 3070.04
controlled foreign corporations, 3070.09
fines and penalties (Belize), 3070.04
Form 3520, 3090.02
Form 3520-A, 3090.02
Form 8938, 3070.01, 3070.02, 3070.03, 3070.04, 3070.05, 3070.06, 3070.07, 3070.08, 3070.10
Forms 5471, 8858 and 8865, 3070.07, 3070.08, 3070.09
U.S. persons, 3070.02
Federal Trade Commission, 2790.01
Brown decision, 1180.06, 2630.01, 2630.02
civil contempt, 960.03, 2680.04, 2690.01
criminal liability, 2680.01, 2680.03, 2680.04
directions applications, 790.03
duress clauses, 960.03, 1570.09
foreign orders, response to, 790.03
migration of trusts, 420.07, 1260.08
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1260.08, 2690.01
Olmstead decision, 1650.06, 2660.06
Fees, 390.10, 1490.06, 1920.01, 1970.05, 2770.09, F01.05
accounting records, 1990.01
annual renewal, 350.05, 1470.05, 1860.08
annual returns, 1860.08
articles of organisation, 1510.08
company secretary, 2070.07
criminal liability, 1470.01, 1470.02, 1470.03, 1470.04, 1470.05, 1470.06, 1470.07, 1470.08, 1470.09, 1470.10, 1470.11, 1470.12, 1990.01, 1990.02, 1990.03, 1990.04, 1990.05, 1990.06, 1990.07, 1990.08, 1990.09
directors' and trust-owned companies, 1340.08
dividend withholding, 2840.04
domestic trusts, 560.11, 670.02
exoneration clauses, 780.01, 780.02
fines and penalties (Belize), 1470.09, 1990.07
fit and proper requirements, 340.01, 340.11
foreign currency, 1470.06
formation of LLCs, 1510.08
Forms (Appendix E), E50.02, E60.02, E60.03
foundation by-laws, 1990.09
funding the structure, B90.02, D90.05, E10.01
interest and penalties, 1320.05
liability shield, 1450.01, 1450.04
non-residence requirement, 2840.04
personal liability of officers, 2070.07
private trust companies, 1320.05, 1320.09, 1320.10, 1380.08, 1390.01, 2830.13, E60.02, E60.03, F60.02
privilege, 1470.12
register of beneficial owners, 1990.03
regulatory enforcement, 350.05
reinstatement and restoration, 1470.07, 1580.07, 1870.06, 1970.07, 1970.09
Section 102, 2160.11
strike-off of companies, 660.10, 1970.09
time limits for registration, 1970.07, D90.05
Fiduciary power, 920.02
Fiduciary protectors, 540.07, 901.03
change of governing law, 950.06, B60.02, B60.03
Filing of operating agreements, 1490.06
articles of organisation, 1510.11, C10.04
liability shield, 1460.01, 1460.04, 1460.05, 1460.09, F30.04
Financial Intelligence Unit, 320.02, 320.04, 2930.06, 2970.01, D01.03
criminal liability, 1990.01, 1990.02, 1990.05, 2970.02
fees, 1990.01, 1990.02, 1990.05
regulatory enforcement, 2950.01, 2950.06, 2950.07
reporting entities, 2930.01, 2930.06
supervisory bodies, 2930.01, 2930.04, 2930.06, 2930.07
suspicious transaction reports, 2950.01, 2950.06, 2950.07
Financial Services Commission, 140.04, 301.02, 310.01, 310.03, 580.06
Code of Conduct Regulations, 310.06
confidentiality of the Commission's officers, 320.08
continuity of the Commission's records, 310.08
deeds, 310.07
foundation by-laws, 1960.08
regulations of the old regime, 310.02
repeal and savings, 310.04
sample charter, D01.05
statutes administered, 580.06
transition for existing providers, 310.05
FinCEN Form 114. See FBAR
Fines and penalties (Belize), 570.01
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 750.09, 1370.07, 1460.06, 1530.12, 2960.05, 2960.09
annual renewal, 350.05
anti-avoidance rules, 2870.09
audit, 2870.05
Caribbean Court of Justice, 260.07
criminal liability, 330.11, 370.12, 570.10, 680.08, 750.11, 1450.13, 1470.01, 1470.09, 1470.10, 1470.11, 1470.12, 1990.01, 1990.06, 1990.07, 2870.07, 2950.05
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1070.08, 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03, 2870.04, 2870.05, 2870.06, 2870.08, 2870.10
electronic filing, 2870.04
FBAR, 3070.04
fees, 1450.04, 1470.01, 1470.09, 1470.10, 1470.11, 1990.01, 1990.06, 1990.07
foreign currency, 450.06, 2080.07
Form 3520-A, 3060.10
Form 8938, 3070.04
injunctions, 260.07
liability shield, 1450.01, 1450.04, 1450.11, 1450.13, 1460.01, 1460.03, 1460.06
LLC (Amendment) Acts 2023, 1460.01
penalties (U.S. reporting), 3060.10, 3090.01
Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments Act, 450.01, 460.03
register of beneficial owners, 1460.07, 1530.12
regulatory enforcement, 350.05, 370.07, 370.09, 370.11, 370.12, 570.10, 1370.10, 1450.11, 2870.07, 2950.04, 2950.06, 2960.09
relevant activities (economic substance), 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03
strike-off of companies, 2870.09
substance requirements, 2870.06
suspicious transaction reports, 2950.04, 2950.05, 2950.06
time limits for registration, 750.11
Fit and proper requirements, 320.04, 340.05, 1590.09
annual renewal, 350.03, 350.04
fees, 340.11
foreign currency, 340.08
guarantees, 340.08
indemnity of trustees, 340.09, 1850.02
insurance, 340.01, 340.02, 340.03, 340.04, 340.05, 340.06, 340.07, 340.09, 340.10, 340.11, 340.12
Fixed date claims, 280.04, 2510.05, 2530.02
change of governing law, E30.03, E30.04
Civil Procedure Rules 2025, 2510.06, 2510.07, 2530.02, 2570.02, 2590.06
directions applications, 2570.02, 2570.11
evidence, 2530.02
Fixed interests, 850.04
discretionary trusts, 820.02, 820.05
protective trusts, 830.10, 840.07, B30.04
Flight clauses, 950.04, 3010.06
change of governing law, 950.01, 950.02, 950.03, 950.04, 950.05, 950.06, 950.07, 950.08, B60.02, E30.01
civil contempt, 960.03
construction of instruments, 1430.06
duress clauses, 960.03, 990.04, 1430.06, 1570.01, 2750.08, B60.02, C70.02, D50.06, E30.01
emergency managers, 1570.01
foundation by-laws, D50.06
letters of wishes, 990.04
migration of trusts, 950.03, 3010.06
Pugachev decision, 950.06
settlor control, 2750.08
See also Migration of trusts
Florida, 160.09, 280.06, 840.07, 940.07, 980.08, 1420.10, 1570.09, 1730.05, 1780.01, 1880.08, 2110.10, 2150.05, 2230.08, 2510.11, 2620.04, 2620.08, 2630.02, 2660.08, 2710.06
accounting records, 1420.10
Belize judgments only, 1630.06
Civil Procedure Rules 2025, 2510.11
directions applications, 790.03, 1130.09
Federal Trade Commission, 170.05, 1180.06, 2630.02
foreign orders, response to, 790.03, 1130.09
insolvency, meaning of, 160.09, 840.07
Law of Property Act section 149, 2230.08
liability shield, 1630.06, 1650.06, 1730.06
migration of trusts, 420.07, 980.08, 1180.07, 1260.08
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 430.07, 1260.08, 1780.01
reverse veil piercing, 2660.06, 2660.08
Section 7(6), 1180.06
self-settled trusts, 2620.04, 2620.08
settlor control, 430.07, 2760.08
Forced heirship, 170.01, 540.02, 1130.02, 1130.05
choosing a vehicle, 2280.03, 2280.04, 2280.09, 2290.02, 2720.06
lifetime settlements and clawback, 1140.06
member's interest in LLC property, 1660.09
non-recognition of foreign law, 2130.04, 2130.06
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1180.05, 2190.02
recognition of trusts abroad, 170.03, 1910.03, 2280.03
Section 7(6)(b): succession, 1660.09, 2280.04
spouses, 880.07, 2060.12, 2710.05
See also Section 7(6)(b): succession
Foreign currency, 180.06, 2540.07
articles of organisation, 1510.08
caution on currency and later amendments, 2801.05
criminal liability, 370.12, 1470.06
fees, 340.11, 1470.06, 1510.08
fines and penalties (Belize), 370.12, 450.06, 2080.07
fit and proper requirements, 340.08, 340.11
guarantees, 340.08
insolvency, meaning of, 840.07, 2320.05
interim relief, 2540.09
international trusts, 660.04
registration of international trusts, 660.04
sources and currency, 3001.05
Foreign insolvency proceedings, 401.05
assets of a Belize trust, 470.06
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 470.02, 580.03
cross-border insolvency, 470.02, 470.03, 470.04, 470.05, 470.07, 1160.09, 2460.06, 2480.01, 2480.09
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.07
foreign trustees, 2480.01, 2480.09
interim relief, 2560.07
Foreign judgment creditors
Brown decision, 1180.06, 2630.01
Colorado, 490.06
creditor's options in Belize, 290.03
directions applications, 2570.04
evidence, 490.01, 490.02, 490.03, 490.04, 490.05, 490.06
interim relief, 490.04
position of the United States creditor, 401.04
service out of the jurisdiction, 490.02
Foreign law, non-recognition of. See Non-recognition of foreign law
Foreign orders, response to, 1130.01, 2170.01, 2190.08
Belize judgments only, 1750.07
Brown decision, 790.05
directions applications, 790.01, 790.02, 790.03, 790.04, 790.05, 790.06, 790.07, 790.08, 790.09, 1130.09, 1190.04, 2170.03, 2570.06, 2570.10, 2570.11, B50.03
implied trusts, 2170.10
insolvency of the foundation, 2170.09
notes on Article 16, B50.02
order or claim, F50.05
priority of claims, 2170.08
proprietary injunctions, 2170.10, 2370.10
recognition of foreign judgments, 1750.07
Section 49, 2170.02
Section 50, 2170.05
Section 53, 2170.04
Section 72, 2170.07
Foreign representatives, 2140.07
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 2150.10, 2310.08, 2460.10
cross-border insolvency, 470.03, 470.04, 470.05, 470.07, 2460.06, 2480.03, 2480.04, 2480.05, 2480.06
foreign insolvency proceedings, 470.03, 470.04, 470.05, 470.07
foreign trustees, 2480.03, 2480.04, 2480.05, 2480.06
representation of beneficiaries, 2460.06
Foreign trustees, 280.04, 680.03, 750.03, 1130.03, 2140.07, 2470.09
cross-border insolvency, 1770.04, 2480.01, 2480.02, 2480.03, 2480.04, 2480.05, 2480.06, 2480.07, 2480.08, 2480.09
domestic trusts, 650.04, 650.09
foreign insolvency proceedings, 401.05, 470.01
residence of trustees, 710.07, 870.09
responding to a foreign trustee, 2490.07
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 480.03, 1150.01
Foreign trusts (U.S. tax), 980.08, 3010.04, 3010.05
enforcers, 980.08
international trusts, 1330.08
migration of trusts, 980.08, 1260.09, 3050.01
private trust companies, 1330.08
Section 684, 1260.09
Form 3520, 3060.02, 3060.03, 3060.04, 3060.05, 3060.08, 3060.09
FBAR, 3090.02
gift and estate tax, 3090.02
gifts, 3060.05
penalties (U.S. reporting), 3090.01
U.S. persons, 3090.01
See also Form 3520-A
FBAR, 3090.02
fines and penalties (Belize), 3060.10
gift and estate tax, 3090.02
penalties (U.S. reporting), 3060.10
See also Form 3520
Form 8832, 3020.06
controlled foreign corporations, 3070.09
FBAR, 3070.01, 3070.02, 3070.03, 3070.04, 3070.05, 3070.06, 3070.07, 3070.08, 3070.10
fines and penalties (Belize), 3070.04
Forms 5471, 8858 and 8865, 2250.08, 3070.07, 3070.08, 3070.09
Formalities of trust creation, 530.10, 620.09, 640.01, 640.03, 640.04, 640.07, 640.11, 1650.07
acceptance of office, 640.10
acceptance of property by the trustee, 640.02
assets in Belize, 620.04, 640.09
bank accounts, 640.05
brokerage and custodians, 640.06
deeds, 620.08
general rule, 620.01
international trusts, 620.07, 620.08
oral and informal trusts, 620.03
probate, 620.06
real estate, 620.04, 640.08, 640.09
securities law, 640.06
settlement and declaration, 620.02
unit trusts, 620.05
variant trusts, 620.10
wills and testamentary trusts, 620.06
writing requirement, 530.04, 620.07, 1260.03
Wyoming, 1650.03
Formation of LLCs, 1420.03, 1470.05, 1510.04, 2210.04, 2770.03
articles of organisation, 1510.01, 1510.02, 1510.03, 1510.04, 1510.05, 1510.06, 1510.07, 1510.08, 1510.09, 1510.10, 1510.11, C10.01, C10.02, C10.03, C10.04, C10.05
fees, 1510.08
liability shield, 1510.01, 1510.11, E40.02
stay of proceedings, C10.04
Former Act company, 1820.03
Forms 5471, 8858 and 8865, 3090.05
controlled foreign corporations, 3070.09
FBAR, 3070.07, 3070.08, 3070.10
Form 8938, 3070.07, 3070.08, 3070.09, 3070.10
reporting in outline, 2250.08
Forms (Appendix E), E20.07, E50.03, E50.04, E50.05
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, E20.06
appointment of trustees, E20.03
change of governing law, E30.01, E30.02, E30.03, E30.04, E30.05
deeds, E10.01, E10.04, E20.01, E20.02, E20.03, E20.04, E20.05, E30.02
evidence, E30.04
foreign orders, response to, E30.03
funding the structure, E10.01, E10.02, E10.03, E10.04, E10.05, E10.06, E10.07
liability shield, E40.02, E40.03, E40.04, E40.05
meetings, E40.02
minutes and resolutions, E20.02, E50.02
Foundation beneficiaries, 1901.01, 1940.01, 1940.03, 1980.01, 2010.06, 2020.03, 2030.07, 2060.01, 2060.03, 2110.02, 2201.03, 2220.08
Foundation by-laws, 1840.06, 1960.01, 1960.03, 1960.04, 1960.06, 2030.04, 2030.06, 2050.04, 2060.02, 2090.09, D01.02, D01.03, D01.07, D10, D30, D50, D90
arbitration, 2090.06
Article 15, D30.13
by-law 1, D50.02
by-law 2, D50.03
by-law 3, D50.04
by-law 6, D50.07
by-law 7, D50.08
by-law 9, D50.10
Commission's sample charter, 1960.08
confidentiality and filing, 1960.07
court's jurisdiction, 2090.01
criminal liability, 1990.08, 1990.09
designation in the charter or by-laws, 2060.02
directions applications, 2090.03
duress clauses, D50.06
execution of the by-laws, D50.11
flight clauses, D50.06
Forms (Appendix E), E50.02, E50.03, E50.04
function of the by-laws, D50.01
funding the structure, D90.03, D90.05, D90.06
general powers in section 93, 2090.02
in camera proceedings, 2090.05
letters of wishes, D50.09
minutes and resolutions, D50.05, E50.02
Model by-law provisions, 2090.08
offices at a glance, 2090.07
required contents of the charter, 1960.02
rules of interpretation, 1960.05
separate legal personality, 1930.04, 1930.06
standing to sue, 2090.04
Foundation charter, 1960.08, 1970.02, 2030.04, D10, D30, D50, D80, D90
Article 10, D30.03
Article 11, D30.05
Article 12, D30.07
Article 13, D30.09
Article 14, D30.11
Article 16, D30.15
Article 17, D30.17
Article 2, D10.04
Article 3, D10.06
Article 4, D10.08
Article 5, D10.10
Article 6, D10.12
Article 7, D10.14
Article 8, D10.16
Article 9, D30.01
Commission's sample charter, D01.05
criminal liability, 1990.09
drafting note to Article 1, D10.03
drafting note to Article 10, D30.04
drafting note to Article 11, D30.06
drafting note to Article 12, D30.08
drafting note to Article 13, D30.10
drafting note to Article 14, D30.12
drafting note to Article 15, D30.14
drafting note to Article 16, D30.16
drafting note to Article 17, D30.18
exoneration clauses, 2040.08, 2040.15
fees, 1990.09
foundation by-laws, 1960.01, 1960.02, 1960.03, 1960.04, 1960.05, 1960.06, 1960.07, 1960.08, 2040.15, 2060.02, D10.02, D30.13
founder powers in the sample charter, 2010.08
fraud, 2040.08
sample charters and the statute, 2110.05
Foundation council, 1960.03, 2010, 2010.07, 2020, 2020.03, 2020.04, 2020.07, 2020.09, 2030, 2030.04, 2030.05, 2030.06, 2030.07, 2030.11, 2040, 2050, 2060, 2070, 2080, 2090
applications to the court, 2030.12
Article 6, D10.12
company secretary, 2020.06
council and its members' creditors, 2020.12
council and the assets, 2190.06
council as the foundation's organ, 2020.01
creditors of council members, 2110.08
criminal liability, 1990.09
delegation by trustees, 2030.05
directions applications, 2570.10
duress clauses, 2030.13
fees, 1990.09
Forms (Appendix E), E50.02, E50.03, E50.04
foundation by-laws, 1930.04, 2090.08, D50.04, D50.05, D50.09
funding the structure, D90.05
general powers and duties, 2030.01
information to beneficiaries and the protector, 2030.09
investment powers, 2030.03
letters of wishes, D50.09
management of the endowment, 2030.02
minutes and resolutions, E50.02
no proprietary interest in the endowment, 2110.07
number and kind of members, 2020.02
persons who receive property for others, 2030.15
recognition of foreign judgments, 2030.10
residence and licensing of members, 2020.05
resident member of the council, 1940.05
resignation and release, 2020.10
separate legal personality, 1930.04, 1930.05
time limits for registration, D90.05
trustee remuneration, 2030.14
Foundation, separate personality. See Separate legal personality
Foundations, 430.05, 1340.03, 1980.02, 2050.10, 2110.01, 2170.06, 2210.03, 2220.03, 2230.05, 2230.06, 2250.03, 2250.06, 2470.08, 2520.06, 2540.05, 2740.07, 2880.03, 2960.06, 3010.03, D80.04
act deposit, 2540.08
business tax, 2830.01, 2830.02, 2830.03, 2830.08, 2830.10, 2830.12
charitable foundations, 1950.01, 1950.02, 1950.03, 1950.04, 1950.05, 1950.06, 1950.07, 1950.08
charitable purposes, D80.02
company secretary, 1940.06, 2020.06, 2070.04
continuation of foreign foundations, 2160.07, 2260.04, 2260.05
council as the foundation's organ, 2020.01
criminal liability, 1990.01, 1990.02, 1990.09
Cyprus and other jurisdictions, 1910.01, 1910.05
departing foundation and its creditors, 2260.09
directions applications, 2170.03, 2570.10
domicile, 430.04, 2260.06, 2270.10
fees, 1990.01, 1990.02, 1990.09
Florida, 160.09, 430.07, 2230.08
foreign orders, response to, 2170.01, 2170.02, 2170.03, 2170.04, 2170.05, 2170.06, 2170.07, 2170.09, F50.05
Forms (Appendix E), E50.02, E50.03, E50.04, E50.05
foundation by-laws, 1930.04, 1960.01, 1960.02, 1960.03, 1960.04, 1960.05, 1960.06, 1960.07, 1960.08, D10.02
heads of claim, 2160.01, 2230.08
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.01, 2830.02, 2830.03, 2830.04, 2830.05, 2830.06, 2830.07, 2830.08, 2830.09, 2830.10, 2830.11, 2830.12, 2830.13
International Act, 120.03
liquidation, 2440.02
New York, 2130.11
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.06, 2130.02, 2130.08, 2130.11
non-residence requirement, 1940.06, 2270.07, 2830.04, 2840.06
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1910.02, 2270.10
persons of a foundation, 2001.01
private trust companies, 1080.01, 2830.13, 3010.08, D80.03
purpose foundations, 1950.01, 1950.02, 1950.03, 1950.04, 1950.05, 1950.06, 1950.07, 1950.08, D80.02
purpose trusts, 1080.01, 1080.02, 1080.03, 1080.04, 1080.05, 1080.06, 1080.07, 3010.08
recognition of trusts abroad, 1910.01, 1910.02, 1910.03, 1910.04, 1910.05
separate legal personality, 1930.01, 1930.02, 1930.03, 1930.04, 1930.05, 1930.06, 1930.07
validity of trusts, 480.06, 2170.08
See also Endowment; Foundation council; Founders
Foundations Act. See International Foundations Act
Founders, 1930.04, 1980.04, 2010, 2010.01, 2010.03, 2010.05, 2010.06, 2010.07, 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050, 2060, 2080, 2090, 2110.09, 2190.05, 2190.11, 2220.03, 2470.06
Article 3, D10.06
Article 5, D10.10
criminal liability, 1990.09
Cyprus and other jurisdictions, 1910.05
emergency and succession planning, 2010.10
exoneration clauses, 2040.10
fees, 1990.09
foundation by-laws, 1930.04, 1960.08, 2090.08
fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.01
incapacity of settlor or member, 2010.10
members and founders, 2610.03
members and the founder as beneficiaries, 2060.05
Model clauses, 2190.10
multiple and later contributors, 2010.09
no proprietary interest in the endowment, 2110.03
powers in the sample charter, 2010.08
Section 4 and the U.S, 2080.09
separate legal personality, 1930.04
Founder's bankruptcy, 2140.06, 2230.06, 2470.06, 2490.05
Founder's rights, 1980.04
Fraud, 450.02, 1650.07, 2350.07, 2380.09
accounts of trustees, 550.07, 780.09
exoneration clauses, 550.05, 780.05, 780.06, 780.09, 2040.05, 2040.06, 2040.07, 2040.08, 2040.15
formalities of trust creation, 1650.03
Law of Property Act section 149, 130.03
Section 7(2): fraud and invalidity, 1170.05, 2380.02
trustee remuneration, 780.05, 780.06
validity of trusts, 530.07, 610.03, 1110.04, 1170.05, 2130.10
Wyoming, 1650.03
Fraud exception, 170.07, 2340.05, 2380.09
insolvency, meaning of, 160.05, 160.09
Fraud on creditors. See Fraudulent transfers
Fraudulent conveyances. See Fraudulent transfers
Fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.01, 2150.02, 2150.06, 2150.09, 2470.07
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 2150.10
burden of proof, 2150.03
comparison with the LLC Act, 2150.14
factor (a), 2150.05
factor (b), 2150.06
factors or elements, 2150.04
insolvency, meaning of, 2150.08
subsection (3), 2150.07
subsection (5), 2150.11
subsection (5A), 2150.12
subsection (6), 2150.13
See also Limitation of foundation claims
Fraudulent transfers, 840.04, 2310, 2310.02, 2310.04, 2310.05, 2310.07, 2350, 2390, 2660.02
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 2150.10, 2310.08
burden of proof, 2150.03
common premise, 2310.01
conveyance under section 37, 1670.05
Florida, 2660.08
fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.01, 2150.02, 2150.03, 2150.04, 2150.05, 2150.06, 2150.07, 2150.08, 2150.09, 2150.10, 2150.11, 2150.12, 2150.13, 2150.14
insolvency, meaning of, 160.04, 840.04, 2150.08
Law of Property Act section 149, 2310.02, 2310.03
Olmstead decision, 2660.06
protective trusts, 840.04
recognition of foreign judgments, 2660.01
reverse veil piercing, 2660.01, 2660.02, 2660.03, 2660.04, 2660.05, 2660.07, 2660.08
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.08
Texas, 2310.09
Uniform Voidable Transactions Act, 2310.04
United States bankruptcy, 2310.06
veil piercing, 2660.02, 2660.03, 2660.04, 2660.05, 2660.07
voidable transactions, 2310.04, 2310.08
See also Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency; Voidable transactions
Freedom of contract, 1420.09
Freezing injunctions. See Freezing orders
Freezing orders, 280.06, 2550.02
anti-suit injunctions, 2550.02, 2550.07, 2550.09, 2550.10, 2550.11
Broad Idea decision, 2550.08
cross-border insolvency, 280.06, 2550.07
injunctions, 2550.08
FS Practitioner, 330.01
FSC. See Financial Services Commission
Funding the structure, 1190.09, 2160.03, D90.01, D90.02, D90.04, F50.03
deeds, B90.01, B90.02, B90.03, E10.01, E10.04
execution and registration, D90.03
Forms (Appendix E), E10.01, E10.02, E10.03, E10.04, E10.05, E10.06, E10.07
international trusts, F10.02
ongoing administration, D90.06
reorganising a structure, 2850.06
staged funding, 2740.04
time limits for registration, D90.05
G
General Sales Tax, 2850.07
Gift and estate tax, 150.06, 3090.05
Form 3520, 3090.02
Form 3520-A, 3090.02
funding the structure, B90.02, F10.02
gifts, 3050.06, 3050.07, 3050.09
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.09, 2830.12
international trusts, 2830.09, F10.01, F10.02
investment powers, 3080.06
migration of trusts, 3050.06, 3050.07, 3050.08, 3050.09
transparency, 2180.08, 2240.04
U.S. persons, 1080.08, 3090.01
U.S. settlors, 3080.06
Gift tax. See Gift and estate tax
Gift-over, 1290.04
charitable trusts, 550.01, 1060.02, 1090.02, 1090.03, 1090.04, 1090.05, 1090.06, F10.08
consenters, 1090.04
deeds, 590.06, 890.06, B90.01, F10.01
Gifts, 3090.05
gift and estate tax, 3050.06, 3050.09
migration of trusts, 3050.06, 3050.07, 3050.09
penalties (U.S. reporting), 3090.01
Section 679, 1080.08
GILTI. See Controlled foreign corporations
Global Forum, 150.01, 320.02, 2920.03, 2920.06
EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, 150.08, 2810.06, 2920.04
Good faith, 2030.06
construction of instruments, 1430.05, 1430.12
fiduciary structure, 2220.06
indemnity of trustees, 1850.05
standard of care, 1560.07
Governing law. See Choice of law
Grantor trust rules. See Grantor trusts
Grantor trusts, 3030.01, 3030.07, 3040.01
accumulation, 3040.03
consequences of status, 3030.07
death of the grantor, 3030.09
distributable net income, 3040.02
exceptions to section 679, 3030.03
FBAR, 3070.06
foreign grantor limitation, 3030.06
Form 8938, 3070.06
investment powers, 3040.07, 3080.04
loans and use of property, 3030.08
managing a non-grantor trust, 3040.06
migration of trusts, 1260.09, 3050.02
reserved powers, 3030.04, 3030.05
Section 684, 1260.09
throwback rules, 3040.03, 3040.04, 3040.07
trust property, 3040.05
U.S. settlors, 3080.04
See also Section 679
Gross reportable amount, 3060.10
fit and proper requirements, 340.08
foreign currency, 340.08
incorporation of companies, 1830.01, 1830.05
indemnities and personal contracts, 1620.04
no deposit for a charging application, 1710.07
ownership of trust property, 730.08
private trust companies, 1320.02, 1340.04
separate legal personality, 1610.07, 1610.08
vesting of property, 730.08
H
Hague Conventions, 490.01, 601.05, 1140.08
change of governing law, 950.02, 1250.05, 1250.06
directions applications, 790.03, 790.08
evidence, 490.01, 490.02, 490.03, 490.06, 2670.06
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.05, 2560.06, 2560.09
foreign judgment creditors, 490.01, 490.02, 490.03, 490.06
foreign orders, response to, 790.03, 790.08
Hague Service Convention
directions applications, 790.03, 790.08
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.05, 2560.06
foreign judgment creditors, 490.01, 490.06
foreign orders, response to, 790.03, 790.08
Heads of claim, 2190.01, 2230.05, 2230.07
Florida, 2230.08
fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.01, 2150.14
liability shield, 1740.07
Section 98, 2160.01
subsection (3), 2160.06
transfers to LLCs, challenges to, 1740.07
Heirs. See Forced heirship
Heirship. See Forced heirship
High Court of Belize, 230.01, 230.04
English law, reception of, 220.05
Forms (Appendix E), E40.04, E50.04
governing instruments, 2501.02
note on the courts' names, 401.07
United Kingdom, 220.05
Holding structures, 1880.01, 1880.07, 1890.02, 1890.07, 2890.02
choosing a vehicle, 2720.04, 2720.05
consequences for planning, 1880.08
directors and control, 1890.04
disregarding the company, 1880.05
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1890.05
holding-entity relief, 2850.02
LLC member's creditor, 1880.02
ownership records, 1890.03
power to transfer assets in trust, 1880.06
public companies, 1890.06
recognition of foreign judgments, 1880.04
relevant activities (economic substance), 2860.07
shareholder's creditor, 1880.03
substance requirements, 2860.07
usual structures, 1890.01
Hong Kong
anti-suit injunctions, 2550.08
injunctions, 2550.08
international trusts, 1120.02
Section 7(6), 1120.02
I
IBA. See Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act 2025
IBCs. See International business companies
IFSC. See Financial Services Commission
Illinois, 1180.08
Federal Trade Commission, 2630.02
receivers, 2630.02
Section 7(6)(a): marriage, 880.05
spouses, 880.05
Impossibility defence, 960.04, 1920.06, 2601.06, 2640.04
civil contempt, 880.06, 960.03, 960.04, 2640.03, 2640.04, 2640.08, 2690.01
criminal liability, 2680.08, 2680.09
In camera proceedings, 1401.06, 2160.13, 2520.02, 2520.06
Civil Procedure Rules 2025, 2520.01, 2520.08
criminal liability, 1440.06
discretionary grounds, 2520.03
foundation by-laws, 2090.05
foundation proceedings in camera, 2520.06
LLC proceedings in camera, 2520.04
non-recognition of foreign law, 2130.04
privacy and the foreign court, 2520.09
proceedings in camera, 1440.07
publication of LLC decisions, 2520.05
Section 106, 2160.13
transparency, 2240.03, 2240.06
trust proceedings, 2520.07
Incapacity of settlor or member, 320.04, 540.02, 1590.09, 2030.04, 2050.05
capacity of settlor, 630.02, 1140.07
charitable purposes, 1020.01, 1020.07
emergency and succession planning, 1550.05, 1590.05, 2010.10
expulsion of members, 1550.05
purpose trusts, 910.08, 1020.01
validity of trusts, 530.07, 610.03, 1110.01, 1110.04, 2130.10
Income and Business Tax Act, 2820.05, 2830.03
business tax, 2820.01, 2820.02, 2820.03, 2820.04, 2820.05, 2820.06, 2820.07, 2820.08, 2820.09, 2820.10, 2820.11, 2830.01, 2830.02, 2830.03, 2830.04, 2830.05, 2830.06, 2830.07, 2830.08, 2830.09, 2830.10, 2830.11, 2830.12, 2830.13
capital gains, 2820.10
dividend withholding, 2840.01, 2840.07
domestic trusts, 2830.11
Economic Substance Act 2019, 2801.01, 2880.06, 2890.03
election of tax status (Belize), 2830.05
international trusts, 2830.09
non-residence requirement, 2830.04, 2840.01, 2840.07
private trust companies, 2830.13
relevant activities (economic substance), 2801.03, 2880.01, 2890.03
single-member LLCs, 2830.06
tax residence, 2830.07, 2860.04
taxation of foundations, 2880.01
Income tax (Belize)
business tax, 2820.01, 2820.02, 2820.03, 2820.04, 2820.05, 2820.06, 2820.07, 2820.08, 2820.09, 2820.11
capital gains, 2820.10
Income and Business Tax Act, 2820.01, 2820.02, 2820.03, 2820.04, 2820.05, 2820.06, 2820.07, 2820.08, 2820.09, 2820.10, 2820.11
investment powers, 3080.07
U.S. settlors, 3080.07
Incorporation of companies, 330.09, 1310.03, 1830.05, 1830.06
capacity of settlor, 710.01, 1830.07
five types, 1830.01
international trusts, 710.04, 1330.01
personal liability of officers, 1830.08
private trust companies, 1830.02, 2730.03, B80.03
segregated portfolio companies, 1830.03
series, 1830.03
single-purpose companies, 1830.02
through a registered agent, 1830.04
Indemnity of trustees, 1850.04, 1850.06
accounts of trustees, 780.09
appointment and consent, 1850.02
beneficiaries' consent and indemnity, 860.10
breach of trust, 780.03
conflicts of interest, 1850.07
co-trustees, 780.04
directors' duties, 1350.06
directors in a trust structure, 1850.09
exoneration clauses, 780.01, 780.02, 780.03, 780.04, 780.05, 780.06, 780.08, 780.09, 2040.11
fit and proper requirements, 340.09
good faith, 1850.05
implied trusts, 780.07
insurance, 340.09, 1350.06, 1850.08
management by the board, 1850.01
proprietary injunctions, 780.07
reserve director, 1850.03
trustee remuneration, 780.01, 780.02, 780.05, 780.06, 780.08
Independent trustees, 680.03, 750.03, 1301.01, 2960.04
fines and penalties (Belize), 570.01, 750.11
private trust companies, 1080.01, B80.04
Injunctions
anti-suit injunctions, 2550.01, 2550.02, 2550.03, 2550.04, 2550.05, 2550.06, 2550.08, 2550.09, 2550.10, 2550.11, 2550.12, 2550.13
arbitration, 260.08
Broad Idea decision, 2550.08
Caribbean Court of Justice, 230.09, 260.06, 260.07
cross-border insolvency, 2550.07, 2560.04
fines and penalties (Belize), 260.07
freezing orders, 2550.02, 2550.07, 2550.09, 2550.10, 2550.11
interim relief, 2550.01, 2550.03, 2550.04, 2550.05, 2550.06, 2550.13, 2560.04
Maya Leaders Alliance decision, 260.08
proprietary injunctions, 2550.12
Inside protection, 1601.02
Insolvency, 160.01, 160.02, 160.03, 160.04, 160.07, 1150.02, 2140.03, 2140.10, 2230.06, 2320.01, 2320.03, 2320.07, 2320.08, 2350.01, 2350.02, 2350.03, 2350.04, 2350.06, 2350.07, 2420.01
Alaska, 1150.11
American court's reading, 160.06
American law, 2320.06
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 150.07, 470.02, 1150.07, 2310.08, 2330.07
California, 2350.08
cross-border insolvency, 470.03, 470.04, 470.05, 470.07, 1770.04, 2410.01, 2480.01, 2480.02, 2480.03, 2480.04, 2480.05, 2480.06, 2480.07, 2480.08, 2480.09
Eurosail decision, 2320.05
evidence, 2390.08
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.07
Florida, 160.09
foreign insolvency proceedings, 401.05, 470.01, 470.02, 470.03, 470.04, 470.05, 470.06, 470.07, 1770.03, 1770.05, 2560.07
foreign orders, response to, 2170.09
foreign trustees, 2480.01, 2480.02, 2480.03, 2480.04, 2480.05, 2480.06, 2480.07, 2480.08, 2480.09
Foundations Act definition, 1920.09
fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.08
High Court qualifier, 2420.03
Insolvency Act 1986 (UK), section 423, 2310.07
Law of Property Act section 149, 530.09, 1150.06
Nevada, 1150.12
New York, 530.09
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.03
protective trusts, 840.01, 840.02, 840.03, 840.04, 840.05, 840.06, 840.07, 840.08
receivers, 2410.01
Section 7(6), 160.08
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 480.03, 840.02, 1150.01, 1150.02, 1150.03, 1150.04, 1150.05, 1150.07, 1150.08, 1150.09, 1150.10, 1150.11, 1150.12, 2330.07
Section 7(6)(c) reading, B01.08
Section 7(7), 1150.06
spouses, 1770.01, 1770.02, 1770.03, 1770.04, 1770.05, 1770.06, 1770.07
Texas, 2310.09
transfers to LLCs, challenges to, 1740.04
United States bankruptcy, 2140.10
Insolvency Act 1986 (UK). See Insolvency, meaning of
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act 2025, 150.07, 470.02
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 150.07, 1150.07, 2310.08, 2330.07
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.07, 2330.07
voidable transactions, 2310.08
See also Bankruptcy Act (repealed)
Insolvency, meaning of, 160.01, 160.02, 160.04, 160.07, 1740.04, 2320.03, 2320.05, 2350.08
American court's reading, 160.06
cash-flow test, 2320.04
discretionary trusts, 840.07
Eurosail decision, 2320.05
Florida, 160.09
fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.08
insolvency and bankruptcy distinguished, 160.03
protective trusts, 840.01, 840.02, 840.03, 840.04, 840.05, 840.06, 840.07, 840.08
registration of international trusts, 840.05
Section 7(6), 160.08
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 840.02, 1150.02
statutory context, 160.05
strike-off of companies, 1870.09
structure of the tests, 2420.02
transfers to LLCs, challenges to, 1740.04
United Kingdom, 2320.02
voidable transactions, 2420.05
See also Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency
Insolvent, meaning of. See Insolvency, meaning of
directors' duties, 1350.05, 1350.06
fees, 340.11
fit and proper requirements, 340.01, 340.02, 340.03, 340.04, 340.05, 340.06, 340.07, 340.09, 340.10, 340.11, 340.12
foreign currency, 340.08
guarantees, 340.08
Interest and penalties, 2020.09
fees, 1320.05
private trust companies, 1320.05, 1320.09, 1320.10, E60.03, F60.02
Interest charge on accumulations. See Throwback rules
Interim relief, 280.04, 280.06, 290.06, 401.03, 1730.04, 2501.03, 2560.04
anti-suit injunctions, 2550.01, 2550.02, 2550.03, 2550.04, 2550.05, 2550.06, 2550.09, 2550.10, 2550.11, 2550.13
Broad Idea decision, 2550.08
Caribbean Court of Justice, 230.09, 260.05, 260.06
cross-border insolvency, 280.06, 2550.07, 2560.01, 2560.04, 2560.05, 2560.06
evidence, 490.02, 490.04, 2160.09, 2560.08
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.01, 2560.02, 2560.03, 2560.04, 2560.05, 2560.06, 2560.07, 2560.08, 2560.09
foreign currency, 2540.09
foreign insolvency proceedings, 2560.07
foreign judgment creditors, 290.03, 490.02, 490.04
freezing orders, 280.06, 2550.02, 2550.07, 2550.09, 2550.10, 2550.11
injunctions, 230.09, 260.08, 2550.01, 2550.03, 2550.04, 2550.05, 2550.06, 2550.08, 2550.12, 2550.13
letters of request, 2560.09
proprietary injunctions, 2550.12
International business companies, 1310.01, 1410.10, 1810.01, 1810.03, 1810.05, 1810.06, 1920.02, 2810.04
2019 tax reform, 1810.03
2022 repeal, 1810.04
act 1990, 110.02
bearer instruments, 1810.02
bearer shares, 1810.02
EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, 2810.06
International cooperation, 380.01, 380.08, 1920.02
compulsory powers on an overseas request, 380.04
Director General of the Commission, 380.06
disclosure under the entity statutes, 380.07
domestic cooperation, 380.02
memoranda of understanding, 380.05
overseas regulatory authorities, 380.03
International Foundations Act, 110.05, 120.03, 2230.06
Florida, 160.09
foundations act deposit, 2540.08
insolvency, meaning of, 160.09
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.06
validity of trusts, 480.06
International Foundations (Amendment) Act 2023, 1990.01, 2001.02, 2080.02, 2080.06, 2101.02, 2101.07, 2960.06, D01.01, D01.03
company secretary, 2070.02, 2070.04, 2070.05, 2070.06
transparency, 2180.02, 2180.03, 2180.04, 2180.05, 2180.06, 2180.08, 2810.05
International LLC, 1440.08
International trusts, 101.04, 601.03, 650.02, 710.04, F10, F10.07
annual administration, F10.03
business tax, 2830.09
charitable trusts, F10.08
co-trustees, 1330.02
definition of international trust, 420.04, 570.07, 1330.01
foreign currency, 660.04
formalities of trust creation, 620.07, 620.08
funding the structure, E10.06, F10.02
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.09
migration of trusts, F10.05, F10.06
private trust companies, 1330.01, 1330.02, 1330.03, 1330.04, 1330.05, 1330.06, 1330.07, 1330.08, 1330.09
registration of international trusts, 560.03, 660.01, 660.02, 660.03, 660.04, 660.05, 660.06, 660.07, 660.08, 660.09, 660.11, 660.12, 690.10, 1120.07
Section 7(6), 1120.02, 1120.07
strike-off of companies, 660.10
trust agents, 660.02, 660.09, 660.10, 660.12, 1330.04, 1330.05, 1330.07, F10.04
validity of trusts, 660.05
writing requirement, 620.07
See also Definition of international trust
Interpretation Act
Section 83(7) and the interpretation act, 2470.07
Investment powers, 520.08, 2020.04, 2030.03, 2220.08
audit, 1380.04
banks and KYC, 1380.04
Common Reporting Standard, 2980.02, 2980.03, 2980.04, 2980.05, 2980.06
delegation by trustees, 760.06, 2030.05
directions applications, 930.06
exoneration clauses, 780.06, 2040.06
FATCA, 2980.02, 2980.03, 2980.05, 2980.06, 2980.07
foundation by-laws, D50.05
gift and estate tax, 3080.06
meetings, D50.05
passive foreign investment companies, 3080.01
private trust companies, 2980.04, 3010.08
reserved powers, 930.06
throwback rules, 3040.07
trust deeds, 690.09
trustees' powers, 760.02, 760.03, 760.04, 760.06, 760.10
U.S. persons, 2980.07
U.S. settlors, 3080.01, 3080.02, 3080.03, 3080.04, 3080.05, 3080.06, 3080.07, 3080.08
J
Jersey
change of governing law, 950.07, 1250.06
charitable purposes, 1020.09
Cyprus and other jurisdictions, 1910.05
decanting, 1250.06
enforcers, 1020.08
fiduciary protectors, 910.09
flight clauses, 950.07
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 510.03, 510.07, 910.09, 930.01, 1020.08, 1240.03, 1910.02
purpose trusts, 1020.09
recognition of trusts abroad, 1910.02, 1910.05
reserved powers, 930.01
variation by the court, 1240.03
Judgment debtors, 1730.07
Jurisdiction clauses, 1490.06
Jurisdiction of the Belize court
exclusive jurisdiction, 1710.02
K
Know your customer. See Customer due diligence
L
Law of Property Act section 149, 580.02, 1110.05, 1160.03, 2190.01, 2230.05, 2230.07, 2310.03, 2340.03
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 1080.05, 2150.10, 2460.01, 2460.02, 2460.09
claims under Belize law, 1170.02, 2380.07
fraud, 130.03
fraud exception, 130.03
fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.01, 2150.10
insolvency, meaning of, 160.01, 160.05, 160.09, 840.04, 840.07
Nevis, 1180.05
New York, 530.09
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.02, 480.03, 2230.02
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1180.05
protective trusts, 840.02, 840.04, 840.07
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 480.03, 840.02, 1150.06, 1150.10, 1150.12, 2330.01
Section 7(7), 1150.06, 1160.01, 1160.02, 1160.03, 1160.05
statute of Elizabeth, 2310.02
Legal personality. See Separate legal personality
Legal profession, 230.08, 280.09
Bar Association decision, 210.09, 240.05
Caribbean Court of Justice, 250.04, 260.09, 270.04
Court of Appeal of Belize, 240.05
Letters of request
evidence, 490.03, 2560.08, 2670.06
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.08, 2560.09
interim relief, 2560.09
Letters of wishes, 540.05, 970, 970.01, 970.07, 990.01, 990.05, 990.07
appointment, qualifications and succession, 990.02
confidentiality and disclosure, 970.05
discretionary trusts, 820.07
drafting the letter, 970.08
duress clauses, 990.04
effect of section 13, 970.03
flight clauses, 990.04
foundation by-laws, D50.09
general law on disclosure, 970.06
memoranda prepared by the trustee, 970.04
powers and their character, 990.03
revising the letter, 970.09
Section 13, 970.02
settlor's powers, 990.06
trustees' duties, 740.08
wishes clause, 990.05
Lex situs, 640.08, 1880.07, 1980.02, E01.05
change of governing law, 950.04, 1250.03
criminal liability, 1990.08, 1990.09
formalities of trust creation, 640.04, 640.08
law of the place of formation, 430.01
Liability of members. See Liability shield
Liability shield, 190.04, 1450.01, 1450.12, 1450.14, 1460.05, 1520.01, 1560.01, 1601.01, 1601.03, 1620.02, 1630.01, 1630.02, 1630.03, 1710.01, C01.01, F30.01
annual administration, F30.03
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1460.06
articles of organisation, 1510.01, 1510.11
assignees, 1540.05, E40.03, E40.04
change of name, 1450.02
construction of instruments, 1430.02
creditor-protection design, F30.02
creditor's claim against a member's interest, F30.05
criminal liability, 1450.13
disclosure of trustee status, 1460.07
disclosure overrides confidentiality, 1460.09
dissolution and winding up, F30.06
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1450.15
employees, 1610.01
fees, 1450.04
fines and penalties (Belize), 1450.11, 1460.01, 1460.03
formation of LLCs, 1510.01, 1510.11
Forms (Appendix E), E40.02, E40.03, E40.04, E40.05
immunity extended, 1460.11
International Limited Liability Companies Act 2011, 110.06
Limited Liability Companies Act, 120.02
LLC (Amendment) Acts 2023, 1460.01, 1460.12
managers' debts, 1630.06
meaning of the default, 1450.08
meetings, E40.02
New definitions, 1460.02
Section 15 repealed, 1450.06
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 2330.06
separate legal personality, 1610.01, 1610.02
statutory text, 1501.02
taxation of LLCs (Belize), 1450.07, 1450.09, 1450.10
See also Veil piercing
Licensing of service providers, 330.01, 330.05, 330.09
annual renewal, 350.03, 350.04, 350.05
certificate of good standing, 350.07
confirming the licence, 390.02
criminal liability, 330.11
fees, 340.11
fines and penalties (Belize), 330.11
fit and proper requirements, 340.01, 340.02, 340.03, 340.04, 340.05, 340.06, 340.07, 340.10, 340.11, 340.12
foreign currency, 340.08
guarantees, 340.08
indemnity of trustees, 340.09
insurance, 340.01, 340.02, 340.03, 340.04, 340.05, 340.06, 340.07, 340.09, 340.10, 340.12
international asset protection and management, 330.03
listed financial services, 330.02
managing agents, 330.08
nominee arrangements, 330.07
private trust companies, 1310.08
regulatory enforcement, 350.01, 350.02, 350.03, 350.04, 350.05, 350.06, 350.08
residence and licensing of members, 2020.05
Limitation periods, 550.07, 870.05, 2160.01, 2160.03, 2160.08, 2230.05
accounts of trustees, 550.07, 780.09, 1280.09
applications by outsiders, 2160.14
continuation of foreign foundations, 2160.07
criminal liability, 1470.11
decanting, 1280.09
directors' duties, 1350.08
domicile, 2260.06
evidence, 2160.09
exoneration clauses, 780.09
foreign grantor limitation, 3030.06
heads of claim, 2160.01, 2160.06
in camera proceedings, 2160.13
inconsistent judgments and limitation, 450.07
limitation and the date of issue, 2510.10
limitation of foundation claims, 2260.06
Section 100, 2160.12
Section 101, 2160.10
Limited liability. See Liability shield
Limited Liability Companies Act
fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.14
liability shield, 110.06, 120.02, 2330.06
LLC act deposit, 2540.07
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.05
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 2330.06
Limited partnerships, 2270.05
Liquidation, 2140.06, 2440.01, 2440.04, 2440.05, 2440.07, 2470.09
Belize Companies Act's own winding-up provisions, 2440.08
Belize LLC and the Belize foundation, 2440.02
creditors' arrangements, 2440.03
cross-border insolvency, 470.04, 2410.01
strike-off of companies, 1870.04, 1870.08
trust property, 2440.06
trustee in bankruptcy, 2401.02, 2450.11
voidable transactions, 2450.11
winding up of companies, 2440.06
Litigation hold and response plan
fiduciary's first response, F70.02
LLC Act. See Limited Liability Companies Act
LLC (Amendment) Acts 2023, 1401.03, 1401.04, 1401.06, 1430.11, 1450.01, 1480.01, 1480.02, 1601.07, 1701.05, 2201.03
construction of instruments, 1430.02, 1430.07, 1430.08, 1430.09, 1430.11
fines and penalties (Belize), 1460.01
international setting, 1440.09
liability shield, 120.02, 1401.02, 1430.02, 1450.01, 1450.04, 1450.13, 1450.15, 1460.01, 1460.11, 1460.12, 1501.02, C01.01
nine parts and 105 sections, 1420.01
LLCs. See Limited Liability Companies Act
M
Maintenance of minors, 2430.09
accumulation, 1220.01, 1220.02, 1220.03, 1220.04, 1220.05, 1220.06
advancement, power of, 760.07, 1220.04
children and minors, 1220.03
criminal liability, 1990.01, 1990.02
private trust companies, 1301.02, 1310.02, 1310.09
Majority voting, 210.06, 1520.06, 1520.08, 1560.05
assignees, C50.02
classes of interests, C40.02
default rules the models vary, C60.05
meetings, 1560.06, 1840.11, C20.05, D50.05
minutes and resolutions, 1840.11, C20.05
trustees' duties, 740.05
Managers of LLCs, 1560.10
appointment, tenure and removal of managers, 1560.04
assignees, 1720.06, 1790.03, C50.02
Belize judgments only, 1750.06
California, 2570.11
directions applications, 2570.11
duress clauses, 1570.01, 1570.09, C70.02
emergency managers, 1570.02, 1570.03, 1570.04, 1570.05, 1570.06, 1570.07, 1570.08, 1570.09, C20.06
flight clauses, 1570.01, C70.02
Forms (Appendix E), E40.04
liability shield, 1560.01, 1610.01, 1630.06, E40.04
LLC as debtor, 2470.05
majority voting, C50.02, C60.05
management and the Belize manager, 1590.02
meetings, C20.05
personal claims against members and managers, 1670.03
qualification of managers, 1560.03
separate legal personality, 1610.01, 1610.09
single-member LLCs, 1690.05
Managing agents
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1070.08, 2870.01, 2880.06, 2890.03
fines and penalties (Belize), 370.07, 370.12
Income and Business Tax Act, 2880.06, 2890.03
managing services, 330.08
regulatory enforcement, 350.01, 370.07
relevant activities (economic substance), 2860.10, 2860.11, 2870.01
Mareva injunctions. See Freezing orders
Matrimonial claims. See Section 7(6)(a): marriage
Matrimonial property, 410.07, 1130.02, 1190.09
California, 1140.03
assignees, 1590.04, C30.01, C50.02, E40.03
delegation by trustees, 1340.06
Forms (Appendix E), E20.02, E20.05, E40.02, E40.03, E50.02
foundation by-laws, D30.13, D50.05
liability shield, E40.02
majority voting, 1560.06, C50.02
Member's interest in LLC property, 1401.04, 1640.07, 1660.01, 1660.03, 1660.10, 1801.03, 2010.07, 2110.02
bankruptcy of the member, 1660.07
beneficial-ownership claims, 1660.04
creditors of the member, 1660.05
Florida, 1730.05
forced heirship, 1660.09
involuntary events affecting the member, 1660.06
liability shield, 120.02, 1601.01, 1630.06, E40.04
Section 7(6)(b): succession, 1660.09
single-member LLCs, 1680.02, 1680.06, 1730.05
spouses, 1660.08
title in the LLC's name, 1660.02
Members of LLCs
construction of instruments, 1430.03
interest and membership rights, 1530.03
interest of a member, 1710.08
liability shield, F30.05
LLC member's creditor, 1880.02
member's interest in LLC property, 1660.03
distribution waterfall, 1580.10
domicile, 1580.01, 1580.02, 1580.03, 1580.04, 1580.05, 1580.06, 1580.08, 1580.09
insolvency, meaning of, 1870.09
liquidation, 1870.08
reinstatement and restoration, 1580.07, 1870.06
restoration to the register, 1580.07, 1870.06
series, 1580.01, 1580.02, 1580.03, 1580.04, 1580.05, 1580.06, 1580.08, 1580.09, 1580.10
strike-off of companies, 1870.01, 1870.02, 1870.03, 1870.04, 1870.05, 1870.07, 1870.08, 1870.09
Mexico
Attorney General, 1060.06
charitable trusts, 1060.06
injunctions, 2730.07
public companies, 2730.07
Migration of trusts, 420.07, 1250, 1260, 1260.01, 1260.05, 1260.07, 1260.09, 1270, 1270.01, 1270.03, 1290, 1290.06, 1290.07, 3050.01, 3050.02, 3050.03
Belize court's continuing jurisdiction, 1270.09
change of governing law, 950.03
continuation and migration, 2260.01
deeds, 1260.03
domestic trusts, 1270.06, 3050.04
enforcers, 980.08
flight clauses, 950.03, 3010.06
gift and estate tax, 3050.06, 3050.08, 3050.09
gifts, 3050.06, 3050.07, 3050.09
international trusts, F10.05, F10.06
migrated trust, 2730.06
Nevis, 1260.08
Notice requirements, 1270.05
Rensin decision, 420.07, 1180.07
Section 684, 1260.09
Section 7(6), 1120.04, 1260.06
transparency, 980.08
trust agents, 1270.05, 1270.08
See also Change of governing law
Minutes and resolutions, 1690.08, 1970.08
admission of members, C80.04
Attorney General, 1040.07
beneficial-ownership information, 1860.03
charitable trusts, 1040.07
consenters, C80.04
criminal liability, 1990.02, 1990.09
deeds, E20.02
Forms (Appendix E), E20.02, E50.02
Mistake in exercise of powers, 770.03
discretion, exercise of, 770.01, 770.02, 770.03, 770.04, 770.05, 770.06
English law, reception of, 220.04, 220.08
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.04, 2130.10
Pitt v. Holt, 770.02
Section 7(2): fraud and invalidity, 1170.05, 2380.02
validity of trusts, 530.07, 610.03, 1110.01, 1110.04, 1170.05, 2130.10
MLTPA. See Money Laundering and Terrorism (Prevention) Act
Money laundering. See Money Laundering and Terrorism (Prevention) Act
Money Laundering and Terrorism (Prevention) Act, 301.03, 370.09, 2080.02, 2901.04, 2960.01, 2960.02
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1370.03, 2960.09
Code of Conduct Regulations, 2930.07
Financial Intelligence Unit, 2930.06
fines and penalties (Belize), 370.12, 2960.09
private trust companies, 1360.06, 2930.05
regulatory enforcement, 370.09
reporting entities, 1360.06, 2930.01, 2930.02, 2930.03
supervisory bodies, 2930.01, 2930.02, 2930.03, 2930.04, 2930.05, 2930.06, 2930.07
N
Name requirements, 1970.03, 2790.06, D01.03
articles of organisation, 1510.04, 1510.07
National Assembly
Caribbean Court of Justice, 260.07
injunctions, 260.07
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 2330.05
Nevada
evidence, 2380.09
fraud, 2380.09
recognition of foreign judgments, 440.06
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.12
self-settled trusts, 2620.08
settlor as beneficiary, 2620.08
trust property, 1150.12
United States bankruptcy, 440.06
Nevis, 1580.10, 1760.08, 1910.02
burden of proof, 130.02, 1780.01
civil contempt, 960.02
distribution waterfall, 1580.10
domicile, 2270.10
duress clauses, 960.02
English law, reception of, 130.01
fiduciary protectors, 910.09
filing of operating agreements, 1490.07
fines and penalties (Belize), 1710.04
formalities of trust creation, 640.08
investment advisers, 130.07
Law of Property Act section 149, 1180.05
liability shield, 1760.07
migration of trusts, 1260.08
offshore financial centre history, 1490.03
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 130.01, 130.02, 130.04, 130.07, 910.09, 1180.05, 1260.08, 1410.03, 1490.03, 1490.04, 1490.07, 1710.04, 1710.05, 1760.07, 1760.08, 1780.01, 1910.02, 2270.10
Privy Council, 130.04
real estate, 640.08
New Jersey
burden of proof, 2150.14
existing and future creditors, 2360.07
fraudulent dispositions to foundations, 2150.14
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1680.08
reverse veil piercing, 2660.08
single-member LLCs, 1680.08
ten-year look-back (§ 548(e)), 2360.07
veil piercing, 2660.08
New York, 440.05, 720.09, 1170.10, 1520.10, 2640.08
brokerage and custodians, 1170.10
business tax, 2820.11
Caribbean Court of Justice, 260.09
civil contempt, 2640.08
comity, 260.09
corporate trustees, 720.09
discovery, 1520.10
foreign insolvency proceedings, 440.05
guarantees, 530.09
Income and Business Tax Act, 2820.11
injunctions, 2730.07
Law of Property Act section 149, 530.09
matrimonial property, 2340.07
nominee arrangements, 2130.11
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.03, 2130.11
public companies, 2730.07
Section 7(2): fraud and invalidity, 2340.07
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 480.03
New Zealand
deeds, 920.04
discretionary trusts, 920.04
FATCA, 2980.07
three certainties, 610.08
U.S. persons, 2980.07
validity of trusts, 610.08
Nominee arrangements, 301.02, 1360.08
brokerage and custodians, 730.05
Nominee Regulations, 1820.05
nominee services, 330.07
re-registration of IBCs, 1820.05
residence of trustees, 710.07, 870.09
trust property, 540.09, B50.01
vesting of property, 730.05
Nominee Regulations, 301.02
nominee arrangements, 330.07, 1360.08, 1820.05
re-registration of IBCs, 1820.05
Non-profit organisations, 1070.03, 1070.05, 1070.06, 1070.09
act 2023, 1070.05
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1070.04
charitable trusts, 1001.05, 1040.07, 1070.02, 1070.10, 1080.04, 1090.05, 1090.06, F10.08
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1070.08
purpose trusts, 1070.01, 1080.04
refusal and the substantial connection requirement, 1070.07
time limits for registration, 1970.07, D90.05
trust agents, 1070.08
Non-recognition of foreign law, 480.01, 2130, 2130.01, 2230.02
breadth of paragraph (b), 2130.03
in camera proceedings, 2130.04
limits of every non-recognition provision, 480.07
LLC act, 480.05
New York, 2130.11
protective trusts, 2130.07
Section 13, 2130.02
Section 15, 2130.05
Section 7(6), 480.04
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 480.03
Section 80, 2130.06
Section 97, 2130.08
sham trusts, 2130.09
Trusts Act, 480.02
Non-residence requirement, 1940.01, 1940.03, 2060.03, 2210.06, 2880.02, 2890.02
business tax, 2830.04
company secretary, 1940.06
Court of Appeal of Belize, 240.04
definition of international trust, 570.07, B01.04
dividend withholding, 2840.01, 2840.02, 2840.03, 2840.04, 2840.05, 2840.06, 2840.07
domestic trusts, 650.02, 650.03, 650.09
entity for non-residents, 1440.01
foundation by-laws, 2090.08, 2090.09
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.04, 2840.07, 2880.01, 2890.03
international trusts, 101.04, 570.07, 710.04, 2210.07
statute for non-residents, 1920.03
trust agents, 330.06, 560.06, B20.02
trust to foundation, 2270.07
Non-residents. See Non-residence requirement
Notice requirements
migration of trusts, 1270.05
Notwithstanding, 1160.01
NPOs. See Non-profit organisations
O
Offshore financial centre history, 901.06, 2730.05
international trusts, 570.07, 710.04
liquid assets offshore, 2760.03
offshore restrictions, 1410.06
Offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 130.02, 190.09, 901.06, 1101.03, 1710.05, 1760.08, 1780.02, 1780.03, 2260.02
American member's choice, 1780.04
Brown decision, 1180.06, 2630.02
change of governing law, 950.07, 950.08, 1250.06, B60.01
civil contempt, 960.02, 960.03, 2690.01
comparison set, 130.01
Cook Islands, 1180.05, 1410.03, 2190.02
courts and record, 130.04
court's jurisdiction over the protector, 910.09
domicile, 2270.10
duress clauses, 960.02, 960.03, B60.01, C70.02
enforcers, 1020.08
existing and future creditors, 2360.04, 2360.07
Federal Trade Commission, 170.05, 2630.02
flight clauses, 950.07, 950.08, C70.02
Florida, 170.05, 430.07, 2660.08
investment advisers, 130.07
Jersey, 510.03, 510.07, 1020.08
liability shield, 110.06, 1760.07
migration of trusts, 1260.08, 1270.09, 2730.06
Nevis, 130.07, 1180.05, 1260.08, 1410.03, 1490.07, 1760.07, 1780.01, 2270.10
New Jersey, 1680.08
offshore financial centre history, 1490.03
reading the comparison, 1490.04
recognition of trusts abroad, 1910.02, 1910.03, 1910.05
regulatory enforcement, 630.07
reserved powers, 630.07, 930.01
Section 7(6), 1120.02, 1120.05
single-member LLCs, 1680.08
Operating agreements, 1480.06, 1520, 1520.04, 1520.06, 1520.09, 1590.01, 1590.03, 1590.07, 1590.09, 1690.03, C10, C20, C30
admission of members, 1590.04
amendment, notices and disputes, 1590.06
assignees, 1520.05, 1590.04, C30.01
case Model A serves, C20.01
construction of instruments, 1430.05
default rules and the operating agreement, 1501.04
emergency and succession planning, 1590.05
emergency managers, C20.06
enforcement and forum, 1520.07
incapacity of settlor or member, 1590.05
liability shield, 1460.05, 1520.01
majority voting, 1520.08
management and the Belize manager, 1590.02
meetings, C20.05
minutes and resolutions, C20.05
New York, 1520.10
notes to Article 1, C20.02
reviewing a pre-2023, 1480.07
Ownership chains, 601.02
Ownership of trust property, 120.05, 530.06, 701.03, 720.05, 2210.04, 2690.02, 2690.07, 2960.04
books and records of LLCs, 1840.03
brokerage and custodians, 730.05
directions applications, 790.03, 790.05
foreign orders, response to, 790.03, 790.05
formalities of trust creation, 620.08, 640.01
international trusts, 620.08, 660.03
nominee arrangements, 730.05
register of members, 1840.03
Rule against perpetuities, 1210.02, 1210.03
spendthrift provisions, 830.06, 830.10
trust property, 730.01, 730.02, 730.03, 730.04, 730.07, 730.08, 730.09
underlying companies, 730.06
vesting of property, 730.01, 730.02, 730.03, 730.04, 730.06, 730.07, 730.08, 730.09
P
Part XA. See Registration of international trusts
Partnerships, 1760.02, 2270.05, 3020.08
Form 8938, 3070.08
Forms 5471, 8858 and 8865, 3070.08
notes to rider 2, C70.03
Passive foreign investment companies, 3020.03
investment powers, 3040.07, 3080.01, 3080.02, 3080.03, 3080.08
Penalties (U.S. reporting)
fines and penalties (Belize), 3060.10, 3070.04
Form 3520, 3060.05, 3090.01, 3090.02
indemnity of trustees, 1350.06, 1850.08, 2040.11
U.S. persons, 3090.01
Perpetuities. See Duration of trusts
Personal liability of officers, 1620.09, 1690.01
company secretary, 2070.07
criminal liability, 750.11, 1990.06
implied trusts, 780.07, 870.04, 2040.09
incorporation of companies, 1830.08
Personal power, 920.04
Phantom income. See Charging orders
Piercing the veil. See Veil piercing
Pledges and security interests, 1420.07, 2350.03
admission of members, 1540.01, 1540.08
assignees, C30.01, C50.02, C50.03
civil contempt, 960.03, 2690.01
duress clauses, 960.03, 1570.01
mortgages and charges of shares, 1840.09
substituted members, 1540.01, 1540.08
Politically exposed persons, 2940.05, 2990.02, 2990.07
customer due diligence, 2940.01, 2940.02, 2940.03, 2940.04, 2940.05, 2940.06, 2940.07, 2940.08
Caribbean Court of Justice, 270.04
directions applications, 270.07
hierarchy of precedent, 270.03
publication of judgments, 270.05
thinness of trust authority, 270.06
Preferences, 2470.09
series, 1580.01, 1580.10, C70.04
voidable transactions, 2450.02, 2450.03, 2450.05, 2450.07, 2450.08, 2450.09
Priority of claims
cross-border insolvency, 470.05, 2480.05
foreign orders, response to, 2170.08
insolvency, meaning of, 1870.09, 2320.05
validity of trusts, 2170.08
Private trust companies, 1310, 1310.02, 1310.05, 1310.09, 1320, 1320.01, 1320.02, 1320.06, 1320.10, 1330, 1340, 1350, 1360, 1370, 1380, 1390, 1390.01, 1390.03, 1390.04, F60
agent's duties under the PTC regulations, 1360.02
annual and event-driven obligations, F60.02
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1370.08
annual compliance declaration, 1320.04
business tax, 2830.13
choosing a vehicle, 2280.08
Common Reporting Standard, 2980.04
constitution and conduct, 1320.03
corporate trustees, 2490.06
co-trustees, 1330.02
definition of international trust, 1330.01
directors' duties, 1350.03
family members, 1301.03, 1340.04
fees, 1320.05
Forms (Appendix E), E60.02, E60.03
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.13
international trusts, 1330.01, 1330.02, 1330.03, 1330.04, 1330.05, 1330.06, 1330.07, 1330.08, 1330.09
Money Laundering and Terrorism (Prevention) Act, 1360.06
purpose trusts, 1080.01, 3010.08, B80.05
registration as a condition, 1310.09
relevant activities (economic substance), 2860.11
reporting entities, 1360.06, 2930.05
substance requirements, 2860.11
supervisory bodies, 2930.05
trust administration, 1370.08
trust agents, 1330.04, 1330.05, 1330.07, 1380.07, 1380.08, 1390.01
trust company, 2770.05
trust with a private trust company, 2730.03
unremunerated trust business, 1310.06
See also Purpose trusts
Privy Council, 250.01
Caribbean Court of Justice, 140.03, 250.04, 250.05
decisions in Belize appeals, 250.03
pending appeals, 250.02
Probate, 230.07, 540.02, 1130.07, 1980.04, 2110.02
formalities of trust creation, 620.06
gift and estate tax, 3050.06, 3050.08, 3050.09
migration of trusts, 3050.07, 3050.08, 3050.09
wills and testamentary trusts, 620.06
Proper law. See Choice of law
Proprietary injunctions, 520.04, 701.04
anti-suit injunctions, 2550.12
implied trusts, 550.06, 780.07, 870.04, 2040.09, 2170.10
injunctions, 2550.12
proprietary claims, 2380.04
Protective trust. See Protective trusts
Protective trusts, 830, 840, 880
deeds, B30.03
discretionary trusts, 840.07
fixed interests, 830.10
insolvency, meaning of, 840.01, 840.02, 840.03, 840.04, 840.05, 840.06, 840.07, 840.08
non-recognition of foreign law, 2130.07
notes on Article 10, B30.05
notes on Article 9, B30.04
registration of international trusts, 840.05
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 840.02
self-settled trusts, 830.07, 930.08
settlor as beneficiary, 830.07, 930.08
spendthrift provisions, 830.04, 830.09, 830.10
spouses, B30.01
trust property, B30.02
variation by the court, 1240.04
Protector, removal of, 2050.05
Protector, succession of, 910.05, 2790.06
change of governing law, B60.02, E30.01, E30.04
civil contempt, 960.05, 2640.08
deeds, B01.05, B10.02, B90.01, B90.02, E20.04, E20.05
flight clauses, B60.02, E30.01
Forms (Appendix E), E20.04, E20.05, E30.04
Protectors, 540.07, 720.02, 810.09, 910, 910.03, 910.07, 920, 930, 940, 950, 960, 980, 990, 2010, 2020, 2030, 2050.03, 2050.07, 2050.09, 2370.10
Attorney General, 1020.07, 2580.09
blessing of decisions, 2580.09
change of governing law, 950.08, B60.01, B60.02, B60.03, E30.01
charitable purposes, 540.06, 1020.01, 1020.06, 1020.07
charitable trusts, 1040.06, 1090.03, 1090.04, 1090.06
civil contempt, 960.03, 960.05, 2640.08
deeds, 540.08, 540.12, 920.03, 920.04, 920.07, B10.01, B10.02, B90.01, E10.01, E20.04, E20.05, E30.02, F10.01
duress clauses, 960.03, 990.04, 2750.05, 2750.08, B60.01
enforcers, 980.01, 980.03, 980.04, 980.05, 980.07, 1030.01, 1030.02, 1030.03, 1030.04, 1030.05, 1030.06
exclusion clauses for protectors, 920.06
exoneration clauses, 2040.13, 2040.14
family members, 1030.05
flight clauses, 950.08, B60.02, D50.06, E30.01
Forms (Appendix E), E10.02, E10.03, E10.05, E20.03, E20.04, E20.05, E30.02, E50.03, E50.04
foundation by-laws, 1960.02, 2090.08, 2090.09, D50.06, D50.07
foundation protectors, 2050.10
funding the structure, B90.01, E10.01, E10.02, E10.03, E10.05
international trusts, 1330.07, F10.01
letters of wishes, 540.05, 990.01, 990.02, 990.03, 990.04, 990.05, 990.06, 990.07
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 910.09, 1020.08
private trust companies, 1330.07
proprietary injunctions, 2370.10
Pugachev decision, 920.04, 920.05, 940.03, 960.05
purpose trusts, 910.08, 1020.01, 1020.06
reserved powers, 930.05, 3030.05
settlor control, 2750.01, 2750.02, 2750.03, 2750.04, 2750.05, 2750.06, 2750.07, 2750.08
statutory definition, 910.02, 2050.01
transparency, 980.01, 980.04, 980.07
trust agents, 390.06, 980.03, B10.02
trust property, 540.09, 910.06, 1180.02, B50.01
trustee remuneration, 920.07
See also Fiduciary protectors; Foundation protectors
PTCs. See Private trust companies
Public inspection, 140.05, 1860.06, 1880.07, 2050.09, C01.03, D01.03
articles of organisation, C10.01, C10.04
criminal liability, 1990.01, 1990.02
in camera proceedings, 1440.07, 2520.07, 2520.08, 2520.09
liability shield, 1460.05, 1460.10
non-profit organisations, 1070.02, 1070.08, 1070.09
Public policy, 450.04, 450.08, 2340.07
Caribbean Court of Justice, 450.05
charitable purposes, 1020.04
purpose trusts, 1020.04
Rensin decision, 2620.04
renvoi and public policy, 410.08
Section 7(2): fraud and invalidity, 2380.03
Purpose foundations, 1920.06, D01.01, D80.01
charitable foundations, 1950.01, 1950.02, 1950.03, 1950.04, 1950.05, 1950.06, 1950.07, 1950.08
charitable purposes, 1950.08, D80.02
charitable trusts, 1050.03, D80.02
Purpose, specific reasonable and capable of fulfilment
charitable purposes, 540.06, 1020.01, 1020.03
charitable trusts, 1040.06, 1090.06
purpose trusts, 1010.04, 1020.01, 1020.03, 1080.02, 1080.07, B80.05
Purpose trusts, 980.01, 1001.03, 1001.04, 1010, 1010.04, 1020, 1020.04, 1030, 1040, 1050, 1060, 1070, 1080, 1080.07, 1090
asset-protection value of a purpose trust, 1080.06
Attorney General, 1020.07
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 1080.05
Belize court and the English authorities, 1010.06
charitable exception at general law, 1010.02
charitable purposes, 1010.03, 1010.05, 1020.01, 1020.02, 1020.03, 1020.04, 1020.05, 1020.06, 1020.07, 1020.09, 1060.07
charitable trusts, 1001.02, 1010.03, 1010.05, 1020.01, 1020.02, 1020.04, 1020.05, 1020.06, 1020.09, 1060.01, 1060.07, 1080.02, 1080.04
family members, 1080.03
Jersey, 1020.08
non-profit organisations, 1070.01
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1020.08
orphan structures, 1080.02
ownership by a purpose trust, 1340.02
private trust companies, 1080.01, 3010.08, B80.05
protector of a purpose trust, 910.08
Rule against perpetuities, 1210.06
Section 679, 1080.08
U.S. persons, 1080.08
See also Enforcers; Private trust companies
Q
Quistclose and implied trusts. See Implied trusts
R
Real estate, 1940.01, 2320.08, 2850.04, F50.01
assets in Belize, 620.04, 640.09, 1940.04
Brown decision, 2630.02
domestic trusts, 650.03, 650.09
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1450.15, 2890.03
Federal Trade Commission, 2630.02
formalities of trust creation, 620.04, 640.08, 640.09
Income and Business Tax Act, 2820.11, 2890.03
non-residence requirement, 650.03, 1940.06
real property outside the United States, 2760.05
Receivers, 280.04, 2370.06, 2680.03
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 2410.01
Brown decision, 2630.02
California, 2570.11
criminal liability, 2680.03, 2680.09
cross-border insolvency, 2410.01
directions applications, 2570.11
Federal Trade Commission, 2630.02
proprietary injunctions, 1170.04, 2370.10
receivership model, 2630.06
recognition of foreign judgments, 440.05, 1750.05
reserved powers, 630.07, 930.09
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.03, 2330.03
tracing, 2370.10
Receivership of LLC interests, 280.04
Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments Act, 460, 460.01, 460.03, 460.08, 580.04, 1160.08
exclusivity, conclusiveness and retaliation, 460.04
fines and penalties (Belize), 450.01, 450.06
history and structure, 460.01
matters excluded from Part II, 460.05
procedure under the rules of 2025, 460.07
recognition of foreign judgments, 440.05, 440.07, 1880.04
Section 7(7), 1160.08
United Kingdom, 460.02
United States, 460.06
Recognition of foreign judgments, 440.01, 440.02, 440.04
action on the judgment, 440.01
Belize judgments only, 1750.01, 1750.02, 1750.03, 1750.04, 1750.05, 1750.06, 1750.07
evidence, 440.07
foreign judgments against a shareholder, 1880.04
foreign judgments and orders, 2030.10
foreign orders, response to, 1750.07
jurisdiction in the international sense, 440.03
reverse veil piercing, 2660.01
Rubin decision, 440.05
settlor and the trustee distinguished, 440.06
United Kingdom, 440.05
veil piercing, 2660.01
See also Non-recognition of foreign law; Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments Act
Recognition of trusts. See Recognition of trusts abroad
Recognition of trusts abroad, 170.01, 1130.05, 1910.03, 1920.02, 2250.03
Belize models, 1910.04
choosing a vehicle, 2280.03, 2280.09, 2720.03
civil-law family, 170.03
Cyprus and other jurisdictions, 1910.01, 1910.05
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1910.02
Records retention, 680.03, 750.03, 1290.08, 2960.04
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1370.03
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1070.08, 2870.08
fines and penalties (Belize), 750.11, 2870.08
migration of trusts, 1270.09, 3050.05
trust administration, 1370.03
Redomiciliation. See Migration of trusts
Re-enactment, 2460.05
Re-enactment rule
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 580.03, 1160.06, 2460.03, 2460.04, 2460.05
Register of beneficial owners, 1490.06, 1590.09
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1530.12
criminal liability, 1990.03
disclosure of trustee status, 1460.07
fees, 1990.03
Register of members, 2010.06
books and records of LLCs, 1840.03
Forms (Appendix E), E20.06, E40.02, E40.03, E60.02
private trust companies, 1320.06, 1380.08, E60.02, F60.02
share transfers, 1840.03
Registered agent duties, 330.09, 360.08, 1420.07, 2770.04, E70.02
emergency managers, 1570.04, C20.06
Registered agents, 330.04, 330.05, 360.07, 390.01, 390.04, 390.09, 390.10, 1450.11, 2070.02
articles of organisation, 1510.01, 1510.02, C10.01
audit, 1380.07
company secretary, 2070.01, 2070.02, 2070.03, 2070.04, 2070.05, 2070.06, 2070.08
construction of instruments, 1430.09
criminal liability, 1470.03
fines and penalties (Belize), 1450.11
fit and proper requirements, 340.02
formation of LLCs, 1510.01, 1510.02, C10.01
incorporation of companies, 1830.04
insurance, 340.02
international trusts, 2210.07
LLC (Amendment) Acts 2023, 1430.09
non-residence requirement, 2210.07
private trust companies, 1360.01, 1360.02, 1360.06, 1360.07
registered office, 1860.01, 1860.02, 1970.04
transfers between, 360.10
Registered office, 1860.01, 1890.07
agent and registered office, 1970.04
documents kept at the registered office, 1860.02
Registrar, 140.05, 320.07, 660.01, 1420.04, 1470.02, 1870.05, 2180.05, D01.03
annual renewal, 1470.05
construction of instruments, 1430.09
criminal liability, 1470.01, 1470.02, 1470.03, 1470.04, 1470.05, 1470.07, 1470.08, 1470.09, 1470.10, 1470.11, 1470.12, 1990.01, 1990.04
domestic trusts, 560.11
fees, 560.11, 1470.01, 1470.02, 1470.03, 1470.04, 1470.06, 1470.08, 1470.10, 1470.11, 1990.01, 1990.04
fines and penalties (Belize), 1470.09
foreign currency, 1470.06
international trusts, 660.01, 660.11
liability shield, 1450.12, 1460.10
LLC (Amendment) Acts 2023, 1430.09
notifying the registrar, 1230.07
privilege, 1470.12
public inspection, 1460.10
registration of international trusts, 660.01, 660.11
reinstatement and restoration, 1470.07
transparency, 2180.05
Registration of domestic trusts, 670, 1290.08
domestic trusts, 560.11, 670.01, 670.02, 670.03, 670.04, 670.05, 670.06, 670.07, 1120.09, 1370.09
public trust register, 670.01
Registration of foundations, 1590.09, 1920.06, 1970.05, 2060.01, 2190.01, 2210.04, 2230.07
Economic Substance Act 2019, 2870.05, 2870.06
foundation by-laws, 1930.04, 1960.03, 1960.08
non-recognition of foreign law, 2130.10, 2130.11
regulatory enforcement, 2950.01, 2950.07
separate legal personality, 1930.01, 1930.04, 1930.07
Registration of international trusts, 520.06, 660, 1120.07
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, B20.03
duty to register, 560.04
foreign currency, 660.04
heading of parts X and XA, 520.03
insolvency, meaning of, 840.05
international trusts, 560.03, 660.01, 660.02, 660.03, 660.04, 660.05, 660.06, 660.07, 660.08, 660.09, 660.11, 660.12, 690.10, 1120.07
protective trusts, 840.05
registration and its continuance, 1190.03
Section 65B(7), 560.07
Section 7(6), 1120.07
strike-off of companies, 660.10
trust agents, 660.02, 660.09, 660.10, 660.12, B20.02, B20.03
trust deeds, 690.10
validity of trusts, 560.08, 660.05
See also Trust agents
Regulatory enforcement
additional terms, 350.02
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1370.10, 1530.12, 2960.05, 2960.09
annual renewal, 350.03, 350.04, 350.05
certificate of good standing, 350.07
changes requiring notice or approval, 350.08
criminal liability, 370.12, 570.10, 680.08, 750.11, 1470.01, 1470.09, 1470.12, 1990.01, 1990.07, 2680.02, 2870.07, 2950.01, 2950.02, 2950.03, 2950.04, 2950.05, 2950.06, 2950.07
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1070.08, 2870.06
fees, 350.05, 1450.04, 1470.01, 1990.01
fines and penalties (Belize), 370.07, 370.11, 370.12, 570.01, 570.10, 680.08, 750.11, 1450.11, 1460.01, 1460.03, 1470.09, 1990.07, 2080.07, 2870.07, 2960.09
liability shield, 1450.01, 1450.04, 1450.11, 1460.01, 1460.03
Money Laundering and Terrorism (Prevention) Act, 370.09
reserved powers, 630.07, 930.03
revocable trusts, 630.07
revocation for cause, 370.06
standard terms, 350.01
standing to sue, 350.07
statutory permission, 1230.01
surrender and orderly exit, 350.06
suspicious transaction reports, 2950.01, 2950.02, 2950.03, 2950.04, 2950.05, 2950.06, 2950.07
trust administration, 1370.10
trustees' powers, 760.09
Reinstatement and restoration
annual renewal, 350.05
criminal liability, 370.12, 1470.07
fees, 1470.07
registration of international trusts, 560.08, 690.10
regulatory enforcement, 350.05
restoration to the register, 1580.07, 1870.06, 1970.09
strike-off of companies, 560.09, 660.10, 1820.06, 1870.06, 1870.07, 1970.09, 2870.09
time limits for registration, 1970.07
Relevant activities (economic substance), 320.03, 2801.03, 2860.04, 2860.06, 2860.10, 2870.02, 2880.03, 2880.04, 2890.01, 2890.02
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1070.08, 1450.15, 1890.05, 2860.01, 2860.02, 2860.03, 2860.05, 2860.06, 2860.07, 2860.08, 2860.09, 2860.10, 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03, 2870.10, 2890.03
fines and penalties (Belize), 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03, 2870.10
Income and Business Tax Act, 2880.01, 2890.03
liability shield, 1450.01, 1450.15, F30.03
private trust companies, 2860.11, F60.01, F60.02
substance requirements, 2860.01, 2860.02, 2860.03, 2860.04, 2860.05, 2860.06, 2860.07, 2860.08, 2860.09, 2860.10, 2860.11
tax residence, 2860.04
taxation of foundations, 2880.01
Removal of trustees, 920.02, 1190.09
civil contempt, 960.01, 960.06, 2640.02, 2640.08
duress clauses, 960.01, 960.06, 2750.08
enforcers, 980.07, 980.08, 1030.06
removal of a trustee, 870.08
Repatriation orders, 2640.02, 2640.08, 2650.03, 2650.08
civil contempt, 2640.01, 2640.02, 2640.03, 2640.04, 2640.05, 2640.06, 2640.07, 2640.08
duress clauses, 2640.07
impossibility defence, 2640.03, 2640.04
See also Civil contempt
Reporting entities, 2950.01
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 570.06, 1370.03
Code of Conduct Regulations, 2930.07
customer due diligence, 2940.02, 2940.04
disclosure of trustee status, 680.05, 750.08
Financial Intelligence Unit, 2930.06
Money Laundering and Terrorism (Prevention) Act, 1360.06, 2930.01, 2930.02, 2930.03
politically exposed persons, 2940.02, 2940.04
private trust companies, 1360.06, 2930.05
regulatory enforcement, 2950.01, 2950.06
supervisory bodies, 2930.01, 2930.02, 2930.03, 2930.04, 2930.05, 2930.06, 2930.07
suspicious transaction reports, 2950.01, 2950.06
trust companies, supervision of, 2930.04
Reporting, U.S. See Penalties (U.S. reporting)
Representation of beneficiaries, 210.06, 280.04
cross-border insolvency, 470.03, 470.04, 470.05, 470.07, 2460.06, 2480.03, 2480.04
foreign insolvency proceedings, 470.03, 470.04, 470.05, 470.07
foreign representatives, 2460.06
foreign trustees, 2480.03, 2480.04
representative claimants and non-parties, 2510.12
Required party, 2610.06
Re-registration of IBCs, 1801.04, 1820.01, 1820.02, 1890.07
administrative dissolution, 1820.06
compliance period, 1820.04
continuity of former act companies, 1820.03
foreign companies, 1820.07
international business companies, 1810.04, 1810.06
nominee arrangements, 1820.05
Nominee Regulations, 1820.05
Reserve director, 1850.03
Reserved powers, 630.07, 930.04, 930.09, 2490.03
absence of a reserved-powers section, 930.01
change of governing law, 930.07
consent and consultation, 930.05
directions applications, 930.06
investment powers, 930.06
protectors and reserved powers, 3030.05
regulatory enforcement, 630.07, 930.03
retained-interest and retained-power rules, 3030.04
revocable trusts, 630.07
self-settled trusts, 930.08
settlor as beneficiary, 930.08
settlor in other roles, 930.02
settlor powers, 1190.07
validity and protection distinguished, 930.09
Residence of trustees, 2960.04
beneficiary's application for a resident trustee, 710.07
Income and Business Tax Act, 2820.05, 2830.11
resident trustee, 870.09
Restoration to the register, 1901.05, 1920.02, 1920.06
criminal liability, 370.12, 1470.11
fees, 1470.06, 1470.11, 1510.08
registration of international trusts, 560.08, 660.04, 690.10
regulatory enforcement, 350.05, 350.08
reinstatement and restoration, 1580.07, 1870.06, 1970.09
strike-off of companies, 560.09, 660.10, 1820.06, 1870.05, 1870.06, 1870.07, 1970.09, 2870.09, F50.06
Restrictions on alienation. See Spendthrift provisions
Resulting trusts, 1110.05
charitable trusts, 550.01, 1040.06, 1060.02, 1060.03, 1060.06, 1060.07, 1090.01, 1090.04, 1090.06, F10.08
deeds, 590.06, 890.06, B90.01, F10.01
international trusts, F10.01, F10.08
Retirement of trustees, 720.04
Forms (Appendix E), E20.03, E30.02
Revenue rule, 450.06
Reverse veil piercing, 1650.04, 2660.05
assignees, 2660.02
Florida, 2660.08
forward and reverse piercing, 1640.04
Olmstead decision, 2660.06
recognition of foreign judgments, 2660.01
single-member LLCs, 2660.06
veil piercing, 1650.04, 2660.01, 2660.02, 2660.03, 2660.04, 2660.05, 2660.07, 2660.08
Revocation of licence, 370.05
Risk assessment, 2920.06
Rule against perpetuities, 1210.01, 1210.03, 1210.04, 1210.07
accumulation, 530.05, 690.04, 1050.01, 1220.01
charitable trusts, 1210.05
extending the period, 1210.08
fixed period, 1210.02
Rules of court. See Civil Procedure Rules 2025
S
Saunders v. Vautier, rule in, 860.05
Section 14(4A) relief, 2850.02
Section 149. See Law of Property Act section 149
Section 30B. See Annual beneficial-ownership attestation
Section 34 (LLC Act). See Veil piercing
Section 36 (LLC Act). See Charging orders
Section 59 (Trusts Act). See Directions applications
Section 59(1) (LLC Act). See Assignees
Section 65B. See Registration of international trusts
Section 7(2): fraud and invalidity
public policy under section 7(2)(b)(ii), 2380.03
Section 7(6), 1101.03, 1120.01, 1130.01
7(6) and (7) in outline, 530.08
Alaska, 1180.06
Brown decision, 1180.06
categories of trust, 1120.11
consequences of a lapse, 1120.08
domestic trusts, 1120.09
insolvency, meaning of, 160.08
international trusts, 1120.02, 1120.07
migration of trusts, 1120.04, 1260.06
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.04
registration of international trusts, 1120.07
re-settlement as an alternative, 1120.05
sham trusts, 940.05
strike-out, 2590.02
time of creation, 1120.03
trusts created before the act, 1120.10
trusts that leave Belize, 1120.06
See also Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency
Section 7(6)(a): marriage, 2190.01
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 130.07, 1180.05
protective trusts, 840.02, B30.02
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 480.03, 840.02
Section 7(6)(b): succession, 170.01, 540.02, 1130.02, 1130.05
choosing a vehicle, 2280.03, 2280.04, 2280.09, 2290.02, 2720.06
forced heirship, 1140.06, 1660.09, 2280.04
member's interest in LLC property, 1660.09
non-recognition of foreign law, 2130.04, 2130.06
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1180.05, 2190.02
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 840.02, 1150.01, 1150.04, 1150.08, 1150.09, 1150.12, 2330.01, 2330.03, 2330.04, 2330.05
Alaska, 1150.11
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 1150.07, 2330.07
Belize Companies Act 2022, 2330.08
Brown decision, 1150.11
consistent usage across thirty-three years, 2330.09
contrary commentary, 1150.10
definition in section 67, 1150.03
grammar of the phrase, 2330.02
insolvency, meaning of, 840.02, 1150.02
Law of Property Act section 149, 1150.06
liability shield, 2330.06
Nevada, 1150.12
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.03
presumption of consistent meaning, 2330.10
protective trusts, 840.02
Section 7(7), 1150.06
trust property, 1150.12
use of the word elsewhere in the Act, 1150.05
See also Fraudulent transfers; Insolvency, meaning of; Section 7(7)
Section 7(7), 580.04, 1160.01, 1160.05, 1160.07
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 1160.04, 1160.06
cross-border insolvency, 1160.09
function of subsection (7), 1160.01
Law of Property Act section 149, 1150.06, 1160.02, 1160.03
Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments Act, 1160.08
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.06
voidable transactions, 1160.06
Section 83 (Foundations Act). See Fraudulent dispositions to foundations
Section 98 (Foundations Act). See Limitation of foundation claims
Securities and Exchange Commission
civil contempt, 960.04, 2690.01
Segregated portfolio companies, 1830.03, 1880.07, 1890.07
incorporation of companies, 1830.02, 1830.03, 1830.04, 1830.05, 1830.08
series, 1830.03
Self-settled trusts, 2601.06
Brown decision, 1180.06, 2630.02
Federal Trade Commission, 170.05, 2630.02
protective trusts, 830.07, 930.08
Rensin decision, 420.07, 2620.04
Senior Courts Act 2022, 201.06, 290.06, 601.05
anti-suit injunctions, 2550.01, 2550.06, 2550.13
English law, reception of, 220.05, 220.06, 220.07
Separate legal personality, 1420.05, 1610.03, 1640.07, 1690.08, 1901.01, 1901.05, 1920.06, 2210.01, 2210.02, 2260.02, 3020.04
acts of others, 1610.06
assumption by written contract, 1610.07
comparison with the Belize company, 1610.08
contract, tort or otherwise, 1610.05
council as governing body, 1930.05
criminal liability, 1610.10
employees, 1610.01
entity protected, 1930.02
foundation by-laws, 1930.04
governing law and forum, 1930.06
liability shield, 110.06, 120.02, 1450.07, 1601.01, 1610.01, 1610.02, F30.02
managers and officers, 1610.09
neither trust nor company, 1930.07
ownership of the endowment, 1930.03
personality on registration, 1930.01
persons protected, 1610.04
Separation, 2701.04
Series, 1580.02, 1880.07, C01.04
distribution waterfall, 1580.10
domicile, 1580.01, 1580.02, 1580.03, 1580.04, 1580.05, 1580.06, 1580.08, 1580.09, 1580.10
incorporation of companies, 1830.02, 1830.03
notes to rider 3, C70.04
notes to rider 4, C70.05
reinstatement and restoration, 1580.07
restoration to the register, 1580.07
segregated portfolio companies, 1830.03
Service out of the jurisdiction, 280.04, 2501.03, 2560.02
cross-border insolvency, 2560.04
evidence, 490.02
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.01, 2560.02, 2560.03, 2560.09
foreign judgment creditors, 490.02, 490.04
interim relief, 280.06, 490.04, 2560.01, 2560.02, 2560.03, 2560.04
Settlement, meaning of, 2140.06, 2410.06
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 1160.04, 2150.10, 2460.02, 2460.09
Settlor as beneficiary, 801.05, 810.08, 2601.06
Brown decision, 1180.06, 2630.02
Federal Trade Commission, 170.05, 2630.02
protective trusts, 830.07, 930.08
Rensin decision, 420.07, 2620.04
Settlor control, 390.04, 901.04, 2301.05, 2750.01, 2750.02, 2750.03, 2750.04
directions applications, 2750.06
duress clauses, 960.03, 2750.05, 2750.08
flight clauses, 2750.08
persons within the forum, 2750.07
Settlors, 540.02, 540.07, 630.02, 860.06, 1170.09, 2220.02, 2350.06, 2370.04, 2610.01, 2610.02, 2610.07, 2690.07
bankruptcy of settlor, 2430.10
beneficiary as trustee, 710.09
capacity of settlor, 630.01, 630.02, 630.03, 630.04, 630.05, 630.06, 630.08, 630.09
charitable trusts, 1060.02, 1060.05
claims against the personally, 2380.05
criminal liability, 750.11, 2680.09
death of settlor, 2780.07
deeds, 540.08, 540.12, B30.03, F10.01
directions applications, 790.03, 790.04, 790.06, 930.06, 2750.06
duress clauses, 960.03, 2750.05, 2750.08
existing and future creditors, 2360.05
fines and penalties (Belize), 750.11, 2960.09
foreign orders, response to, 790.03, 790.04, 790.06
gift and estate tax, 3080.06
investment powers, 930.06, 3080.01, 3080.02, 3080.03, 3080.04, 3080.05, 3080.07, 3080.08
letters of wishes, 540.05, 990.06, 990.07
proprietary injunctions, 1170.04
protective trusts, B30.01, B30.02, B30.03, B30.04, B30.05
recognition of foreign judgments, 440.06
regulatory enforcement, 630.07, 930.03
reserved powers, 630.07, 930.01, 930.02, 930.03, 930.04, 930.05, 930.07, 930.09, 1190.07, 2490.03
settlor as beneficiary, 801.05, 810.08, 930.08
settlor control, 940.01, 2750.01, 2750.02, 2750.03, 2750.04, 2750.05, 2750.06, 2750.07, 2750.08
sham trusts, 940.01
trust deeds, 690.07
trust property, 540.09, B30.02
trustee in bankruptcy, 2430.10
U.S. settlors, 3080.02, 3080.03, 3080.04, 3080.05, 3080.06, 3080.07, 3080.08, B80.02
Settlor's powers. See Reserved powers
court orders against trustees, 940.06
ineffective disposition, 940.04
non-recognition of foreign law, 2130.09
practical control, 940.07
Pugachev decision, 940.03
Section 7(6), 940.05
settlor control, 940.01
sham and control, 2010.11
sham and ineffective dispositions, 1170.06
validity of trusts, 610.07
Singapore
FATCA, 2980.07
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.13
international trusts, 1120.02
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 430.07
private trust companies, 2830.13
reverse veil piercing, 2660.08
Section 7(6), 1120.02
settlor control, 430.07, 2760.08
single-member LLCs, 2760.08
U.S. persons, 2980.07
veil piercing, 2660.08
Single-member LLCs, 1650.07, 1680.02, 1680.03, 1680.06, 1690.05, 1730.03, 3020.04
business tax, 2830.06
California, 1680.05
Florida, 1730.05, 2660.08, 2760.08
foreign court's choice of law, 1680.01
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.06
liability shield, 1450.03, 1450.07, 1520.01, 1650.06, C01.01
member's interest in LLC property, 1660.10, 1730.05
New Jersey, 1680.08
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1490.03, 1680.08, 1780.03
Olmstead decision, 1650.06, 2660.06
owned by a Belize trust, 1680.07
position in Belize, 1680.04
reverse veil piercing, 2660.06, 2660.08
single-member company, 1530.02
Single-purpose companies, 1880.07
incorporation of companies, 1830.02
private trust companies, 1830.02
Situs, change of. See Migration of trusts
Solvency test, 1840.07
Source of funds, 170.07, 1590.09, 2990.02, 2990.07
customer due diligence, 2940.05, 2940.07
Special director, 1320.08
Spendthrift provisions, 830.01, 830.02, 830.05
assignment of beneficial interests, 830.03
exempt property, 2120.02
exemption of the endowment, 2120.02
fixed interests, 830.10
limits of subsection (4), 830.08
protective and spendthrift trusts, 540.04
protective trusts, 830.04, 830.09, 830.10
self-settled trusts, 830.07
settlor as beneficiary, 830.07
Texas, 830.06
Spendthrift trusts. See Spendthrift provisions
Spouses, 880.01, 880.08, 1101.03, 1560.10, 1770.06
assignees, 1770.01
Belize insolvency of the member, 1770.02
Belize matrimonial proceedings, 1770.07
civil contempt, 880.06
connected trust business, 1310.04
creditors and spouses of beneficiaries, 2060.12
cross-border insolvency, 1770.04, 2120.04
discretionary trusts, 880.03
exempt property, 2120.04
fixed interests, 880.02
foreign insolvency proceedings, 1770.03, 1770.05
foreign orders, response to, 880.04
heirs and succession claims, 880.07
member's interest in LLC property, 1660.08
protective trusts, 830.04, B30.01, B30.02
Rensin decision, 880.09
Section 7(6)(a): marriage, 880.05
Standing to sue, 390.10
certificate of good standing, 350.07
criminal liability, 1470.04, 1470.07
foundation by-laws, 2090.04
international standing and banking, 130.05
Statute of Elizabeth. See Law of Property Act section 149
Statutory demand, 2140.03, 2320.03, 2350.02, 2420.04, 2420.07, 2430.04
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 1080.05, 1150.07
insolvency, meaning of, 160.03, 840.03, 2320.02, 2420.02, 2420.05
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 480.03, 1150.07
Statutory demands. See Statutory demand
Statutory interpretation, 2101.05, 2140.03
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 580.03, 1150.07
insolvency, meaning of, 2150.08, 2420.02
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.01, 1150.03, 1150.07, 2330.03, 2330.09
Stay of proceedings, 2690.03
articles of organisation, C10.04
Economic Substance Act 2019, 2870.03, 2870.08
formation of LLCs, C10.04
Strike-off of companies, 2770.01
administrative dissolution, 1820.06
anti-avoidance rules, 2870.09
continuation into and out of Belize, 1870.04
dissolution and striking off, F50.06
Economic Substance Act 2019, 2870.06, 2870.09
insolvency, meaning of, 1870.09
liquidation, 1870.08
major dispositions and squeeze-out, 1870.02
members' remedies, 1870.01
merger and consolidation, 1870.03
property of a dissolved company, 1870.07
registration of international trusts, 660.10, 690.10
reinstatement and restoration, 1870.06, 1970.09
re-registration of IBCs, 1820.06, 1820.07
restoration to the register, 1870.06, 1970.09
striking off, 1870.05
time limits for registration, 390.08
Caribbean Court of Justice, 2590.05
Civil Procedure Rules 2025, 2590.06
Court of Appeal of Belize, 2590.04
Section 7(6), 2590.02
security, deposit and together, 2590.03
striking out barred claims, 2590.01
Submission, 440.03
Substance requirements, 320.03, 2890.01
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1070.08, 2860.01, 2860.02, 2860.03, 2860.05, 2860.06, 2860.07, 2860.08, 2860.09, 2860.10, 2870.01, 2870.06, 2890.03
fines and penalties (Belize), 2870.06
private trust companies, 2860.11
relevant activities (economic substance), 2860.01, 2860.02, 2860.03, 2860.04, 2860.05, 2860.06, 2860.07, 2860.08, 2860.09, 2860.10, 2860.11, 2870.01
tax residence, 2860.04
Substituted members
admission of members, 1540.01, 1540.02, 1540.03, 1540.04, 1540.05, 1540.06, 1540.07, 1540.08, 1590.04
assignees, 1520.05, 1540.01, 1540.02, 1540.03, 1540.04, 1540.05, 1540.06, 1540.07, 1540.08, 1590.04, 1720.02, C50.02, E40.03
Succession. See Section 7(6)(b): succession
Succession, law of, 530.10
estate planning, 110.01
Schmidt v. Rosewood, 750.06, 820.04
Supervening legitimate purpose, 2150.06
Supervisory bodies, 2430.03
Code of Conduct Regulations, 2930.07
Financial Intelligence Unit, 2930.06
international cooperation, 380.02, 380.06
liquidation, 2440.03, 2440.04, 2440.05
Money Laundering and Terrorism (Prevention) Act, 301.03, 370.09, 2930.01, 2930.02, 2930.03
private trust companies, 2930.05
regulatory enforcement, 370.09, 2950.06
reporting entities, 2930.01, 2930.02, 2930.03, 2930.04, 2930.05, 2930.06, 2930.07
Supreme Court of Belize. See High Court of Belize
Suspicious transaction reports, 360.08, 2950.01
criminal liability, 2950.01, 2950.02, 2950.03, 2950.04, 2950.05, 2950.06, 2950.07
regulatory enforcement, 2950.01, 2950.02, 2950.03, 2950.04, 2950.05, 2950.06, 2950.07
T
Tax, Belize. See Income and Business Tax Act
Tax exemption of trusts, 150.06, 570.11, 1270.07, 2201.03, 2830.09, 2880.02
business tax, 2820.04, 2830.10, 2830.12
dividend withholding, 2840.02, 2840.06
domestic trusts, 560.11, 650.01, 650.09, 670.07
Income and Business Tax Act, 2801.01, 2820.04, 2830.09, 2830.10, 2830.12, 2830.13, 2880.01
international trusts, 570.08, 620.07, 2210.07, 2830.09
non-residence requirement, 2210.06, 2210.07, 2840.02, 2840.06
Tax payments for members, 1760.08, 1790.06
liability shield, F30.02, F30.05
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1760.07, 1780.01, 1780.03
tax distributions, 1760.04
Tax residence, 2990.02
business tax, 2830.07
Economic Substance Act 2019, 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03, 2880.06, 2890.03
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.05, 2830.07, 2830.13, 2880.01, 2880.06, 2890.03
relevant activities (economic substance), 2801.03, 2860.04, 2860.05, 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03, 2880.01
Taxation of foundations, 2201.03, 2880.03
business tax, 2820.08, 2830.12
funding the structure, D90.04, F50.03
Income and Business Tax Act, 2801.01, 2820.08, 2830.12, 2880.01
Taxation of LLCs (Belize)
business tax, 2830.03, 2830.10
Economic Substance Act 2019, 1450.15, 2890.03
foreign orders, response to, 2170.06
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.03, 2830.06, 2830.10, 2890.03
liability shield, 1450.07, 1450.09, 1450.10, 1450.15
single-member LLCs, 2830.06
Tenancy and leases, 1690.04, 1690.08, 2880.03
business tax, 2820.06, 2820.08, 2820.11
Economic Substance Act 2019, 2880.06, 2890.03
Income and Business Tax Act, 2820.06, 2820.08, 2820.10, 2820.11, 2830.13, 2880.06, 2890.03
Ten-year look-back (§ 548(e)), 2430.09, 2601.06, 2650.05, 2650.06, 2690.04, 2690.07, 2740.01
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 1160.04, 2150.10, 2460.04
Brown decision, 1180.06, 2630.02
existing and future creditors, 2360.02, 2360.07
Federal Trade Commission, 170.05, 2630.02
migration of trusts, 420.07, 1260.08
Rensin decision, 420.07, 880.09, 2620.04
self-settled trusts, 2620.08, 2650.05
Termination of trusts, 860.06, 1280
accounts of trustees, 550.07, 1280.09
charitable trusts, 550.01, 1060.08
decanting, 1280.01, 1280.02, 1280.03, 1280.04, 1280.05, 1280.06, 1280.07, 1280.08, 1280.09, 1280.10
disclaimer, 860.01
distribution on termination, 550.02
domestic trusts, 670.03
exoneration clauses, 550.05
express powers of variation, 860.09
Form and effect of a disclaimer, 860.02
international trusts, 660.08, F10.07
protective trusts, 830.09
registration of domestic trusts, 670.03
registration of international trusts, 660.08
Saunders v. Vautier, rule in, 860.05
spendthrift provisions, 830.09
Texas, 430.07, 830.06, 970.09, 1260.08, 1660.10, 1710.07, 1870.04, 2310.09, 2420.07, 2710.06, 2730.07
advancement, power of, 830.06
brokerage and custodians, 1660.10
children and minors, 2510.11
Civil Procedure Rules 2025, 2510.11
co-trustees, 710.08
court orders against trustees, 970.09
duress clauses, 2030.13
formalities of trust creation, 620.08
founder's bankruptcy, 2140.10
injunctions, 2730.07
international trusts, 620.08
Law of Property Act section 149, 2310.09
legal profession, 230.08
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 430.07, 1260.08
trust property, 710.08, 1130.04
United States bankruptcy, 2140.10
Threat assessment, 2710.02
Throwback rules, 890.03, 3040.03, 3090.05
accumulation, 890.03, 1220.06, 3040.03
default calculation and records, 3040.04
Time limits for registration, 1970.05
annual and event-driven obligations, F50.04
annual calendar, 1590.08
annual renewal, 350.05
criminal liability, 750.11
fines and penalties (Belize), 750.11, 1460.01, 2960.09
funding the structure, D90.05
private trust companies, 1380.08
registration clock, B01.06
registration of international trusts, 690.10, B20.03
regulatory enforcement, 350.05
reinstatement and restoration, 1970.07, 1970.09
Timing of transfers, 2740.01, 2740.10
anti-suit injunctions, 2550.03
Belize bankruptcy clock, 2740.09
exempt property, 2120.08
exemption of the endowment, 2120.08
foreign clocks, 2740.05
foundation clock, 2740.07
funding the structure, 2740.04
interim relief, 2550.03
LLC clock, 2740.08
migration of trusts, 1260.08
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1260.08
solvency evidence, 2740.03
timing and solvency, 1190.06, 2190.03, 2490.01
timing and the foreign court, 2260.07
trust clock in Belize, 2740.06
implied trusts, 550.06, 780.07, 870.04, 2040.09, 2170.10
proprietary injunctions, 550.06, 780.07, 870.04, 1170.04, 2040.09, 2170.10, 2370.10, 2380.04, 2550.12
Transfers to LLCs, challenges to, 1730.07, 1740.03, 1740.04, 1740.05, 1740.09, 1790.06, 2160.03, 2190.01, 2340.05, 2470.03, 2470.09, 2690.07
admission of members, 1740.08, C80.02
consequence of a successful claim, 1740.06
elements of the claim, 1740.02
heads of claim, 1740.07
insolvency, meaning of, 1740.04
interim relief, 1730.04, 2540.09
liability shield, 1740.07, F30.02
offshore trust jurisdictions compared, 1780.02, 2270.10
problem the section addresses, 1740.01
Transparency, 110.07, 150.01, 150.06, 570.02, 901.04, 2180.04, 2180.06, 2180.07, 2180.08, 2240.01, 2240.02, 2240.03, 2240.05, 2810.01, 2810.05, 2920.06, 3020.03
2022 and 2023 reforms, 2810.04
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 980.05, 1370.01
Belize tax, 2240.04
confidentiality and creditor protection, 2180.01
consenters, 980.01, 980.02, 980.04, 980.06, 980.07
cost and administration, 2240.06
enforcers, 980.01, 980.03, 980.04, 980.05, 980.06, 980.07, 980.08
EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions, 2810.06
international business companies, 2810.03, 2810.06
international objection, 2810.02
investment advisers, 980.02
migration of trusts, 980.08
records filed with the registry, 2180.05
Section 103, 2180.02
Section 104, 2180.03
Trust administration, 850.05, 1370
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1370.01, 1370.02, 1370.03, 1370.04, 1370.05, 1370.06, 1370.07, 1370.08, 1370.09, 1370.10
domestic trusts, 670.06, 1370.09
private trust companies, 1370.08
records retention, 1370.03
registration of domestic trusts, 670.06
regulatory enforcement, 1370.10
trust property, 1370.04
Trust agents, 330.06, 390.08, 570.09, 660.09, 750.10
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1370.08, B20.03, E20.06
banks and KYC, 1380.07
confidentiality, tax and the trust agent, 560.06
criminal liability, 750.11
enforcers, 980.03
filings and notices, 1290.01
Forms (Appendix E), E10.02, E10.05, E10.06, E20.04, E20.06
funding the structure, E10.02, E10.05, E10.06
international trusts, 660.02, 660.04, 660.09, 660.12, 1330.04, 1330.05, 1330.07, F10.04
migration of trusts, 1270.05, 1270.08
private trust companies, 1330.04, 1330.05, 1330.07, 1370.08, 1380.08, 1390.01
registration of international trusts, 660.02, 660.04, 660.09, 660.10, 660.12, B20.02, B20.03
strike-off of companies, 390.08, 560.09, 660.10
time limits for registration, 390.08
transparency, 980.03
Trust companies, supervision of, 320.02
reporting entities, 2930.04
supervisory bodies, 2930.04, 2930.07
supervisory model, 370.01
Trust deed, model. See Trust deeds
Trust deeds, 690.03, 690.05, 701.05
accumulation, 690.04
instrument as the record of formation, 690.01
international trusts, 690.10
investment powers, 520.08, 690.09
parties, recitals and declaration, 690.02
registration and compliance clause, 690.08
registration of international trusts, 690.10
settlor's powers, 690.07
Trust property, 410.07, 910.06, 3040.05
accepting, leaving and the trustee's estate, 540.09
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1370.04
brokerage and custodians, 730.05, 1170.10
Brown decision, 1180.06, 2630.02
California, 2350.08
directions applications, 790.01, 790.03, 790.05, 790.09, 1130.09, 1190.04, 2570.06
directors' duties, 1350.04, 1350.08
Federal Trade Commission, 170.05, 2630.02
foreign orders, response to, 790.01, 790.03, 790.05, 790.09, 1130.06, 1130.09, 1190.04, B50.01, B50.02
liquidation, 2440.06
loans and use of trust property, 890.04
migration of trusts, 420.07, 1270.08, 3050.09
Nevada, 1150.12
nominee arrangements, 730.05
notes on Article 11, B40.01
notes on Article 22, B70.02
ownership of trust property, 730.01, 730.02, 730.03, 730.04, 730.07, 730.08, 730.09
protective trusts, B30.02
Rensin decision, 420.07, 880.09, 2570.06
Section 7 and section 23, 1180.02
Section 7(6)(a): marriage, 880.05
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.12
trust administration, 1370.04
trustees' duties, 720.06
underlying companies, 730.06, B50.01
validity of trusts, 1130.04
vesting of property, 730.01, 730.02, 730.03, 730.04, 730.06, 730.07, 730.08, 730.09
winding up of companies, 2440.06
Trust service providers, 1310, 1320, 1330, 1340, 1350, 1360, 1370, 1380, 1390
annual beneficial-ownership attestation, 1370.08
choosing a vehicle, 2280.08
Common Reporting Standard, 2980.04
corporate trustees, 710.03, 720.09, 2490.06
directors' duties, 1350.03
family members, 1301.03
Forms (Appendix E), E60.02, E60.03
Income and Business Tax Act, 2830.13
New York, 720.09
private trust companies, 1080.01, 1301.03, 1310.06, 1350.03, 1360.06, 1370.08, 1390.01, 2280.08, 2490.06, 2730.03, 2770.05, 2830.13, 2860.11, 2930.05, 2980.04, 3010.08, B80.03, B80.05, D80.03, E60.02, E60.03, F60.01, F60.02
purpose trusts, 1080.01, 3010.08, B80.05
relevant activities (economic substance), 2860.11
reporting entities, 1360.06
supervisory bodies, 2930.05
trust agents, 1390.01
Trustee in bankruptcy, 2370.05, 2401.02, 2470.09, 2490.09, 2650.01, 2650.09
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 1160.04, 2460.04, 2460.07, 2460.10
bankruptcy of settlor, 2430.10
cross-border insolvency, 470.04, 2460.06, 2480.01, 2480.04
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.07, 2560.09
foreign insolvency proceedings, 401.05, 470.01, 470.04, 2560.07
foreign trustees, 2480.01, 2480.04, 2490.07
liquidation, 1870.08, 2440.05, 2440.08, 2450.11
Nevada, 1150.12
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.01, 1150.12
Trustee remuneration, 720.05, 2020.09
accounts of trustees, 780.09
breach of trust, 780.03
co-trustees, 780.04
exoneration clauses, 780.01, 780.02, 780.03, 780.04, 780.05, 780.06, 780.08, 780.09
foundation by-laws, 2090.02, D50.06
implied trusts, 780.07
indemnity of trustees, 780.01, 780.02, 780.05, 780.06, 780.08, 860.10
private trust companies, 1310.05, 1360.06, 2830.13, 2930.05
proprietary injunctions, 780.07
remuneration and the council's charge, 2030.14
Trustee resignation, 720.04, 2020.09, 2770.09
criminal liability, 1470.03, 1470.12
foundation by-laws, 2090.07, D50.06
registration of international trusts, 560.08, 690.10, 1120.07
Trustees, 290.04, 440.06, 701.01, 710.02, 710.08, 710.09, 720.07, 720.09, 810.09, 840.08, 890.05, 910.04, 1020.05, 2370.10, 2430.08, 2460.10, 2470.02, 2560.09, 2610.06, 2750.06
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 2460.07, 2460.10
banks and KYC, 1380.01, 1380.06
change of governing law, 950.06, 950.08, B60.01, B60.02, E30.01
corporate trustees, 710.03, 720.09, 2490.06
co-trustees, 710.08, 780.04, 1330.02
criminal liability, 750.11, 2680.01, 2680.02, 2680.03, 2680.04, 2680.05, 2680.06, 2680.07, 2680.08, 2680.09
cross-border insolvency, 1770.04, 2480.01, 2480.02, 2480.03, 2480.04, 2480.05, 2480.06, 2480.07, 2480.08, 2480.09
deeds, 540.08, 540.12, 590.06, B10.02, E10.01, E10.04, E20.02, E20.04, E20.05, E30.02
directions applications, 790.02, 790.03, 790.05, 790.06, 790.08, 790.09, 1130.09, 2570.01, 2570.02, 2570.03, 2570.04, 2570.05, 2570.06, 2570.07, 2570.08, 2570.09, 2570.10, 2570.11, 2750.06, B50.03
discretion, exercise of, 770.01, 770.05
domestic trusts, 580.05, 650.04, 2830.11
duress clauses, 960.03, 960.06, 2750.08, B60.01
enforcers, 1030.02, 1030.05, 1030.06
evidence, 490.06, 2390.03, 2570.05
exoneration clauses, 780.02, 780.04, 780.05, 780.06, 780.08, 780.09
foreign orders, response to, 790.02, 790.03, 790.05, 790.06, 790.08, 790.09, 1130.09, B50.01, B50.02, B50.03
foreign trustees, 2480.01, 2480.02, 2480.03, 2480.04, 2480.05, 2480.06, 2480.07, 2480.08, 2480.09, 2490.07
Forms (Appendix E), E10.02, E10.04, E20.02, E20.03, E20.04, E20.05, E30.02
international trusts, 620.08, 710.04, 1120.02, 1330.01, 1330.03, 1330.06, 1330.07, 1330.08, 1330.09, 2210.07
letters of wishes, 540.05, 740.08, 820.07, 970.04, 970.06, 970.09
migration of trusts, 420.07, 1260.08, 1270.08, 1270.09
mistake in exercise of powers, 770.01, 770.02, 770.05
ownership of trust property, 730.01, 730.03, 730.07, 730.08, 730.09
private trust companies, 1330.02, 1330.03, 1330.04, 1330.05, 1330.06, 1330.07, 1330.08, 1330.09, 1340.04, 1380.08, 2490.06, 2830.13, 2930.05, B80.03
residence of trustees, 540.08, 710.07, 870.09
trust agents, 330.06, 390.06, 390.08, 660.10, 690.06, 690.11, 1270.08, 1290.01, 1330.04, 1330.05, 1380.08, B10.02, B20.02, B20.03
trust deeds, 390.06, 690.06, 690.11
trust property, 540.09, 720.06, 910.06, B30.02, B50.01
trustee in bankruptcy, 2370.05, 2650.09
Trustee's application for directions. See Directions applications
Trustees' duties, 520.01, 540.10, 701.03, 740, 740.02, 740.03, 740.06, 740.10, 1560.08, 2030.06
consents and consultation, 740.09
discretionary trusts, 820.04, 820.06
exercising functions for the beneficiaries, 740.07
exoneration clauses, 2040.07, 2040.08
fines and penalties (Belize), 570.01, 570.10
general duties, 740.01
letters of wishes, 740.08
majority voting, 740.05, C50.02
no-profit rule, 740.04
Trustees' powers, 520.04, 760, 760.08, 1290.02, 2050.04
advancement, power of, 760.07
charitable trusts, 550.01, 1050.03, 1090.01
delegation by trustees, 760.06
implied powers in Schedule II, 760.04
investment powers, 760.02, 760.03, 1240.08, 1380.04
maintenance of minors, 760.07
migration of trusts, 3050.07, 3050.08
power to release powers, 760.05
powers conferred by the court, 760.10
powers of a beneficial owner, 760.01
regulatory enforcement, 760.09
Trusts Act, 110.03, 120.01, 910.03, 910.04, 910.05, 2230.06
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 2460.01, 2460.02, 2460.03, 2460.04, 2460.05, 2460.07, 2460.08, 2460.09, 2460.10
contrast with the Trusts Act, 2140.09
cross-border insolvency, 2460.06
foreign representatives, 2460.06
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.02
private trust companies, 1380.08
transfers to LLCs, challenges to, 1740.09
trust agents, 1380.08
Trusts Act 1992. See Trusts Act
Trusts (Amendment) Act 2023, 570.01
Turnover orders. See Repatriation orders
U
Underlying companies, 1290.08
deeds, B01.04, B01.05, B10.02, B90.02, B90.03
foreign orders, response to, 790.09, 2170.04, B50.01, B50.02
Forms (Appendix E), E20.06, E30.04
funding the structure, B90.02, B90.03, F10.02
information and underlying companies, 850.09
international trusts, F10.02, F10.07
ownership of trust property, 730.06, 730.08
Undervalue transactions. See Voidable transactions
Undue influence
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.04, 2130.10
Section 7(2): fraud and invalidity, 1170.05, 2380.02
validity of trusts, 530.07, 610.03, 1110.01, 1110.04, 1170.05, 2130.10
Uniform Voidable Transactions Act, 1130.05, 2301.07, 2350.02
insolvency, meaning of, 160.03, 160.04, 1150.02
Section 7(6)(c): claims of creditors in an insolvency, 1150.02, 1150.08, 1150.12
voidable transactions, 2310.04
United Kingdom, 440.05, 770.02, 920.07, 1140.03, 1650.08, 1770.07, 2320.02
capital contributions, 1650.08
Civil Procedure Rules 2025, 2501.02
construction of instruments, 220.09
court's supervisory jurisdiction, 220.07
deeds, 920.07
discretion, exercise of, 770.02
English law, reception of, 220.01, 220.05, 220.07, 220.09
exempt property, 2120.11
exemption of the endowment, 2120.11
FATCA, 2980.07
foreign insolvency proceedings, 440.05
High Court of Belize, 220.05, 2501.02
insolvency, 2310.07
insolvency, meaning of, 2320.02
Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments Act, 460.01, 460.02, 1160.08
Section 7(7), 1160.08
U.S. persons, 2980.07
United States bankruptcy, 190.03, 2140.10, 2350.04, 2350.07, 2650.02
bankruptcy code, 2310.06
Brown decision, 1180.06, 2630.02
denial of discharge, 2650.07
Federal Trade Commission, 170.05, 2630.02
Unregistered trusts, 1920.06, 2190.01, 2230.03
Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments Act, 580.04, 1160.08
registration of international trusts, 560.08, 660.05, B20.03
Unremunerated trust business, 1310.06
U.S. beneficiaries. See Section 679
U.S. persons
enforcers, 980.07
FATCA, 2980.07
Form 3520, 3090.01
investment powers, 2980.07
penalties (U.S. reporting), 3090.01
purpose trusts, 1080.08
statutory scheme, 3060.01
transparency, 980.07
U.S. settlors, 3040.01, B80.02
gift and estate tax, 3080.06
investment powers, 3040.07, 3080.01, 3080.02, 3080.03, 3080.04, 3080.05, 3080.06, 3080.07, 3080.08
passive foreign investment companies, 3080.01
UVTA. See Fraudulent transfers
V
Validity of trusts, 230.08, 540.02, 610.04, 910.03, 1101.01, 1110.01, 1110.02, 1110.05
adding and excluding beneficiaries, 610.08
change of governing law, 420.06, 1250.01
charitable purposes, 1010.03, 1020.04
foreign orders, response to, 2170.08
fraud, 1170.05
grounds of invalidity, 530.07, 610.03
international trusts, 601.03, 660.05
non-recognition of foreign law, 480.06, 2130.10, 2230.02
objective nullity and Belize trusts, 610.09
priority of claims, 2170.08
registration of international trusts, 560.07, 560.08, 660.05
Section 7(2): fraud and invalidity, 1170.05
statutory definition, 610.01
three certainties, 610.05, 610.06, 610.08
trust property, 1130.04
validity as the rule, 610.02
Variation by the court, 550.04, 860.08, 1130.02, 1240, 1240.01, 1240.03, 1240.07
Allfrey decision, 1240.06
consent of the adults, 1240.02
decanting, 1240.06
investment powers, 1240.08
protective trusts, 1240.04
related powers, 1240.05
Variation of trusts, 860.06, 1230, 1230.06, 1240, 1240.01, 1240.08, 1250, 1290
accounts of trustees, 550.07
adding and removing beneficiaries, 1230.04
administrative and dispositive variations, 1230.03
charitable purposes, 1060.07
charitable trusts, 550.01, 1060.01, 1060.02, 1060.03, 1060.04, 1060.05, 1060.06, 1060.07, 1060.08
consequence of failing to notify, 1230.08
decanting, 1240.06
deeds, B70.05
disclaimer, 860.01
distribution on termination, 550.02
domestic trusts, 670.03
execution formalities, B70.05
exoneration clauses, 550.05
express powers of variation, 860.09
Form and effect of a disclaimer, 860.02
holder of the power, 1230.02
implied trusts, 550.06
indemnity of trustees, 860.10
international trusts, 660.08
investment powers, 1240.08
lapse and failure, 860.07
protective trusts, 830.09, 1240.04
registration of domestic trusts, 670.03
registration of international trusts, 660.08
regulatory enforcement, 760.09, 930.03, 1230.01
reserved powers, 930.03
Saunders v. Vautier, rule in, 860.05
spendthrift provisions, 830.09
termination by the beneficiaries, 550.03, 860.04
trustees' powers, 760.09
variation by the court, 550.04, 860.08, 1240.01, 1240.02, 1240.03, 1240.04, 1240.05, 1240.06, 1240.07, 1240.08
Veil, lifting of. See Veil piercing
Veil piercing, 1640.03, 1640.04, 1650.02, 2660.05
assignees, 2660.02
Florida, 2660.08
Olmstead decision, 2660.06
recognition of foreign judgments, 2660.01
reverse veil piercing, 1650.04, 2660.01, 2660.02, 2660.03, 2660.04, 2660.05, 2660.07, 2660.08
single-member LLCs, 2660.06
See also Liability shield; Reverse veil piercing
Vesting of property, 530.06, 720.05, 1520.04, 1790.02, 1980.02, 2470.09
brokerage and custodians, 730.05
High Court of Belize, 220.05, 2501.02
nominee arrangements, 730.05
ownership of trust property, 730.01, 730.02, 730.03, 730.04, 730.06, 730.07, 730.08, 730.09
spendthrift provisions, 830.06, 830.10
trust property, 730.01, 730.02, 730.03, 730.04, 730.07, 730.08, 730.09
underlying companies, 730.06
Voidable transactions, 2401.05, 2450, 2450.01, 2450.02, 2450.05, 2450.08, 2450.10
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 580.03, 1160.06, 2310.08, 2460.04, 2460.10
connected persons, 2450.04
cross-border insolvency, 470.04
foreign insolvency proceedings, 470.04
good faith, 2450.09
insolvency, meaning of, 2420.05
insolvency transaction, 2450.05
liquidation, 2450.11
preferences, 2450.07
Section 7(7), 1160.06
spouses, 2450.04
trustee in bankruptcy, 2450.11, 2470.04
undervalue transactions, 2450.06
Uniform Voidable Transactions Act, 2310.04
vulnerability periods, 2310.08, 2450.03, 2460.10
See also Insolvency and Bankruptcy Act 2025
Voidable transfers. See Fraudulent transfers
Voting rights, 210.06, 1520.04, 1560.10, 1701.04, 2080.02, 2960.01, 2960.02
emergency managers, 1570.07, C20.06
majority voting, 1520.08, 1560.06, C40.02
Vulnerability periods, 1620.08, 2330.07, 2450.03, 2470.09
Bankruptcy Act (repealed), 2310.08, 2330.07, 2460.04, 2460.07, 2460.10
trustee in bankruptcy, 2450.11
voidable transactions, 2310.08, 2450.01, 2450.02, 2450.03, 2450.04, 2450.05, 2450.06, 2450.07, 2450.11, 2460.04, 2460.10
W
Waivers, 1520.09
Wilful misconduct, 780.06
Wills. See Wills and testamentary trusts
Wills and testamentary trusts, 540.02, 1130.07, 1980.04, 2110.02
formalities of trust creation, 620.06
gift and estate tax, 3050.06, 3050.08, 3050.09
migration of trusts, 3050.07, 3050.08, 3050.09
probate, 620.06
Winding up. See Dissolution and winding up
Winding up of companies
directors' duties, 1350.05, 1350.08
liquidation, 2440.06
trust property, 2440.06
Withdrawal and expulsion, 1590.01
assignees, 1720.05, 1720.07, C30.01, C70.01
emergency and succession planning, 1550.05
expulsion of members, 1550.01, 1550.02, 1550.03, 1550.04, 1550.06, 1550.07, 1550.08
incapacity of settlor or member, 1550.05
Witnesses, 280.08, 2210.04, D30.19
deeds, B10.01, B70.05, E10.04, E20.04, E20.05, E30.02
evidence, 490.03, 2530.03, 2530.07, 2560.08
evidence for foreign courts, 2560.08, 2560.09
Worldwide freezing orders. See Freezing orders
Writing requirement, 390.10, 1520.02, 2060.08, 2790.06
capital contributions, 1530.04, 1620.05
deeds, 1260.03
formalities of trust creation, 530.04, 620.07
international trusts, 620.07
migration of trusts, 1260.03
Wrongful distributions, 1620.06