Index
Using the Index
References are to paragraph (¶) numbers, not pages. A reference such as 1220.05 is to ¶ 1220.05 in Chapter 12; a reference to a whole section, such as 1610, covers every subsection of that section. References beginning with a letter (for example D50.01) are to the Appendices. Each reference links to its paragraph.
Headings are arranged word by word. See directs the reader to the heading under which a subject is indexed; See also lists related headings. Cases and statutes are listed with their paragraph references in the Table of Cases and the Table of Statutes and Regulations.
Symbols and Numbers
529 plans
bankruptcy exclusion, 1201.05, 1260.02
creditor protection, 2040.02
example, 1260.03
exemption, 1260.02
section 529, 240.06
A
Abouloff rule. See Foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement
Accountants
exposure, 320.11
preparer penalty, 320.11
professional liability, 5150.01, 5150.05
tax preparer penalties, 5150.05
Act of state doctrine
expropriation, 450.08
Advice of counsel
waiver, 3720.06
Advisory committees
control through, 5520.05
Agency designations
convenience accounts, 1140.05
Aircraft
owner liability, 5170.02
Alaska, 2870.08
adviser immunity, 5270.04, 5350.03
Alaska Trust Act, 130.08, 1820.01, 1830.01, 1830.05, 2870.05, 3530.07, 3540.11, 3560.03, B30.01
bankruptcy, 2870.07
Brown case, 2450.01
charging orders, 1620.01, 1630.05, B40.02, D50.01
exclusive jurisdiction, 130.08, 240.03, 1840.04, 2870.06, 3560.03, 4170.05
homestead, D20.01
Huber case, 140.06, 530.02, 1840.02, 5160.06, 5530.03
limitation periods, 2870.06
LLC biennial report, G40.01
Mortensen case, 460.03, 1850.02, 5170.07, 5250.03, 5260.04, 5530.04
single-member LLCs, 1630.05
solvency affidavit, 5260.01
Alter ego, 3330.05
entities and trusts, 110.06, 140.06, 740.05, 3330.01
federal tax liens, 1010.05, 3330.02
letters of wishes, 3050.05
retained benefit, 250.05
settlor control, 2750.04, 3001.04, 3060.05, 3330.03
transferees, 670.03
trusts, 1970.01, 1970.04, 3330.04, 3360.01
See also Nominee theory; Reverse veil piercing; Veil piercing
AML. See KYC and AML
Annual review, 5480.01
client facts, 5480.02
engagement scope, 5320.07, 5380.06
missed filings, G70.02
recommendations and record, 5480.07
reporting and insurance, 5480.06
solvency, 5260.02, 5280.07, 5480.03
Threat Matrix reassessment, A70.01, A70.02, A70.03
See also Formalities; Maintenance of plans; Reporting calendar
Annuities
bankruptcy, 1250.02
change of domicile, 1250.05
equity stripping proceeds, 4840.01
Florida, 3260.02
non-natural person rule, § 72(u), 3220.05, 3290.05
ownership, 1250.04
private annuities, 3270.04
private placement variable, 3210.02
protective tool, as, 1250.03
retirement plans compared, 1250.05
state exemptions, 240.06, 1250.01, D30.01, D30.02
structured settlements, 1250.01, 1260.05
Swiss, 2540.04
Anstalten. See Liechtenstein
Anti-duress provisions. See Duress clauses
Anti-money laundering. See KYC and AML
Anton Piller orders. See Search orders
Arbitral awards
confirmation in United States, 4150.04
firewall statutes, 4150.03
New York Convention, 4150.01, B50.01
trust jurisdictions, 4150.02
Arbitration
confirmation of awards, 230.11
forum, as, 230.11
New York Convention, 230.11
planning cost, 4150.04
trust disputes, 2740.08
Arkansas
charging order amendments, D50.02
Asset freezes. See Freezing orders
Asset protection, 101.03, 110.01, 110.02, 110.03, 110.04, 110.05
defensible plan, conditions of, 180.01, 180.06
family claimants, 901.03, 960.03, 990.03
goals, 150.01, 150.02, 150.03, 150.04
government claims, outside scope, 1001.03, 1090.01, 1090.03
history, 130.01, 130.02, 130.03, 130.04, 130.07, 130.08
integration with estate planning, 120.07, 150.04
judicial attitudes, 140.01, 140.02, 140.05, 140.06
legitimacy, 130.01, 130.08, 140.01, 140.02, 1801.02, 1890.03, 4501.03, 4530.07, 5280.05, E60.01
limits, 160.01, 160.02, 160.03, 160.04, 160.05, 160.06, 160.07, 160.08
measuring success, 150.05
reasons clients seek, 120.01, 120.02, 120.03, 120.04, 120.05, 120.06, 120.07, 120.08
related conduct distinguished, 110.06
Asset tracing
§ 1782 discovery, 3870.07
bank records, 3870.04
debtor's own disclosure, 3870.02
debtor's perspective, 3870.08
digital assets, 3870.06, 4910.04, 4910.07, 4940.07
investigators, 3870.05
Norwich Pharmacal orders, 3840.01, 3840.04
process, 3870.01
public registers, 3870.03
scope of remedies, 3801.01
See also Discovery; Norwich Pharmacal orders
Assets kept at home
proportion as evidence of purpose, 3970.06
Attorney-client privilege, 3720.01
bankruptcy trustee's control, 830.04
communications and facts, 3720.02, 3750.01, 3750.05, 5301.02
crime-fraud exception, 3730, 5301.01, 5340.01
family members present, 310.13
fiduciary exception, 3720.05
governing law, 3720.08
grand jury subpoenas, 330.08
Kovel arrangements, 310.06, 3720.04, 3720.08
planning communications, 3720.01, 3750.05, 3780.02, 3780.03
tax practitioner privilege, 330.08
trustee and protector disclosure, 3720.07
waiver, 3720.06, 3720.07, 3720.08, 5280.06, 5340.09
See also Crime-fraud exception
Attorneys' fees
voidable-transfer actions, 740.06
B
Badges of fraud, 710.08
concealment, 1160.05, 2750.06, 2980.04, 4940.07, 5260.06
crime-fraud exception, 3730.02, 3730.03, 3730.08, 5340.02, 5340.06
DAPT funding, 1840.02, 1850.02
expatriation and second citizenship, 4610.08, 4670.03
insider transfers, 710.05, 710.06, 2001.02, 2010.02, 2030.01, 4840.02, 5220.05
Kaiser factors, 2010.02, 2020.05, 5220.05
moving to entireties state, 1120.10
origin in Twyne's Case, 601.02, 610.03, 610.04, 610.06
pending or threatened suit, 3620.02, 3620.09, 5220.04, 5270.02
premium payments, 3270.06
rebutting, 710.05, 710.06, 710.07, 5260.03
retained control, 710.05, 710.06, 710.08, 1150.04, 1160.04, 2030.06, 2040.04, 5220.05
statutory list, 640.02, 710.05, 5220.04, C20.01
timing, 220.04, 220.11, 410.03, 530.02, 530.05, 5130.04, 5130.08, 5510.05
See also Voidable transactions
Bahamas
assessment, 2840.07, 2840.10, B10.03
executive entities, 3180.04
firewall provisions, 4050.03, 5030.05
Fraudulent Dispositions Act, 2840.06
New York Convention, 4150.02
statutes, 2840.05
Bank insolvency
Credit Suisse write-down, 3450.06
custody agreement terms, 3450.08
deposits and custody assets, 3450.01, 3450.09
practice, 3450.07
United States deposit insurance, 3450.02
Bank secrecy
foreign, discovery sanctions, 3760.04
Bank Secrecy Act
§ 5318(k) subpoenas, 3430.01, 3430.02
customer due diligence rule, 4560.03
FBAR, 4320.01
information sharing, 4560.07
investment advisers, 4560.05
persons outside, 4560.06
program requirement, 4560.02
suspicious activity reports, 4550.05, 4560.04
trust companies as banks, 4560.01
See also FBAR
Banking. See Banks and custodians
§ 522(o)–(q) homestead caps, 130.03, 460.04, 460.07, 770.02, 1220.05, 3670.06, 3670.08, 3680.06, 4820.02, 4820.06, 4880.02, 4890.01, 5250.05, 5580.03, C30.01, D10.02, D10.03
§ 541(c)(2) spendthrift exclusion, 130.06, 840.02, 1310.02, 1710.05, 1750.07, 1850.01, 2620.02, 2630.05, 2720.05, 2740.07, 3360.01, 3550.04, 3550.09, C30.01, E10.01
§ 544(a) strong-arm power, 210.07, 850.01, 850.02, 4740.02
§ 544(b) state-law claims, 460.02, 540.04, 660.01, 1850.01, 2010.06, 3510.09, 3540.11, A30.04, A30.05, C30.01
§ 548 fraudulent transfers, 210.07, 220.13, 460.01, 460.07, 620.04, 660.01, 660.02, 730.05, 2010.01, 2010.06, 3270.02, 5230.04, 5230.05, 5250.01, 5360.03, 5510.07, C30.01
§ 548(e) ten-year look-back, 130.08, 160.07, 210.07, 220.13, 460.03, 460.07, 530.02, 540.04, 570.01, 660.02, 660.03, 690.02, 850.01, 890.02, 890.03, 1660.03, 1660.06, 1850.02, 1850.03, 2010.06, 2130.05, 2180.04, 2230.02, 2630.05, 2680.01, 2740.07, 2780.03, 2870.07, 2870.08, 2920.02, 2930.01, 3150.06, 3360.02, 3360.05, 3510.07, 3540.11, 3550.04, 3620.07, 3650.07, 3680.06, 4040.02, 4580.08, 4690.01, 5160.06, 5170.07, 5190.01, 5230.05, 5250.03, 5260.04, 5370.05, 5530.01, 5530.03, 5530.04, 5590.01, A30.04, C30.01
§ 550 recovery from transferees, 460.01, 660.02, 850.01, 850.03, 2010.06, 4040.02, 4040.03
alter-ego claims, 1530.07, 3170.02
attorney fees, 5310.06, 5360.01, 5360.04, 5360.07
automatic stay, 810.01, 2360.02, 3020.05, 3420.05, 3920.04, 3990.01, 5460.02, 5510.04
avoidance powers, 850.01, 850.02, 850.03, 1660.03, 1660.06, 4840.02
chapters 11 and 13, 810.04, 1660.05
contempt, 870.01, 870.02, 870.03, 3930.05, 3940.02, 3940.05
conversion of non-exempt assets, 1270.02, 1270.03, 1270.05, 3270.03
crimes, 330.02, 760.04, 4570.07, 5260.07, 5340.05, 5350.04, 5560.03, D60.03
cross-border insolvency, 230.07, 460.07, 880.01, 880.02, 880.03, 880.04, 880.05, 2130.05, 2520.05, 3540.06, 3570.04, 4160.04, 4160.05, 4160.06, 4160.07, 5090.01, B50.01
denial of discharge, 110.06, 140.02, 160.02, 210.07, 460.06, 460.07, 710.06, 860.01, 860.02, 860.03, 1850.04, 2010.06, 3530.06, 3550.04, 3620.07, 3670.05, 3680.06, 4390.03, 4950.03, 4950.05, 5220.05, 5510.02, 5510.07, 5550.01, 5550.05, 5560.05
digital assets, 4920.03, 4920.04, 4950.01, 4950.02, 4950.03, 4950.04, 4950.05
disclosure and examination, 330.02, 810.02, 830.01, 830.02, 830.04, 890.02, 1660.06, 4490.01, 4590.01
domicile rule for exemptions, 460.04, 3260.07, 4820.05, D01.04, D70.01
equitable subordination, 4740.04
exemptions, 460.04, 1120.06, 1210.02, 1210.07, 1260.02, 2040.02, D10.01, D20.01
forum and choice of law, 140.04, 230.02, 230.07, 1850.01, 3360.05, 3510.06, 3510.07, 3550.04, 3590.04
involuntary petitions, 210.07, 210.10, 460.05, 801.02, 801.03, 820.01, 820.02, 820.03, 820.04, 890.05, 1850.03, 3650.07
ipso facto clauses, 1660.01, 1680.02, 4730.07, 4750.04, E10.04
Lawrence case, 870.02, 3530.08
LLC interests, 1630.02, 1660, 1660.02, 1660.03, 1660.04, 1660.06, 2670.05, 3340.04, 3340.05, 4830.04, 5540.03, E70.02
look-back periods, 460.07, 540.04, 850.04, 5510.01
Mortensen case, 460.03, 3540.11
non-debtor releases, 420.07
nondischargeable debts, 410.03, 460.06, 860.04, 4760.04, 5110.05, 5120.01, 5120.07, 5130.04, 5150.02, 5150.03, 5160.05, 5170.03
offshore trusts, 2230.02, 2250.04, 2420.02, 2420.09, 2450.01, 2830.08, 3420.05, 4020.03
planning for, 330.02, 350.12, 890.01, 890.02, 890.03, 890.04, 3620.07, 5290.01
preferences, 210.13, 460.01, 460.07, 850.01, 1310.04, 3670.04, 4740.03, 4740.05, 4760.02, 4950.05
property of the estate, 460.01, 840.01, 840.02, 840.03, 840.04, 1130.03, 1140.02, 1470.04, 1710.05, 1750.07, 3290.04, 3360.01, 3490.04
retirement funds, 130.06, 1310.08, 1320.02, 1320.06, 1330.01, 1360.04, 1360.05, 4770.05, 4770.06, D10.02, D40.02
self-settled trusts, 140.04, 1810.04, 2740.07, 2870.07
strategic filing, 3680.01, 3680.06
substantive consolidation, 1530.07, 3360.03, 3360.04, 4730.02, 4730.04
Banks and custodians, 3401.01
Belize, 2470.03
Cook Islands, 2270.01
counterparty risk, 3401.02, 3450, 3450.02, 3450.07, 3450.09
custody agreements, 2510.06, 2560.07, 3450.08
de-risking, 3440, 3440.01, 3440.06, 3480.03
design principles, 3410.07, 3480.01, 3480.02, 3480.03, 3480.04, 3490.05
examples, 3410.07, 3420.07, 3430.05, 3440.06, 3450.09, 3460.06, 3480.04, 3490.05
freezing and disclosure orders, 3410.06, 3410.07, 3460, 3480.03, 3840.05, 3840.06, 3850.09, 3850.10, 3870.04
jurisdiction, 2150.05, 2150.06, 2160.02, 3410.01
signing mandates, 3420.01, 3420.06, 3420.07
Switzerland, 2560.02, 2560.05, 2560.06
Threat Matrix ratings, 3490, 3490.01, 3490.02, 3490.03, 3490.04, 3490.05
United States presence, 230.03, 3280.05, 3290.05, 3410.07, 3430.03, 3480.01
Beddoe applications
trustee litigation costs, 4070.02
Belize, 2401.02
anti-money-laundering law, 4510.06, 4520.04, 4550.06
case law, 2450.01, 2450.02, 2450.03, 2450.05, 5440.03, 5520.05
change of proper law, 2440.05, 3020.04
companies and LLCs, 2460.02, 2460.03, 2460.04, 2480.07, 5450.06, G50.01, G50.02
confidentiality, 2410.04, 2410.08
courts, 1080.02, 2140.02, 2410.06, 2440.06, 2470.01, 4030.03
creditors in an insolvency, § 7(6)(c), 540.05, 2401.01, 2420.01, 2420.02, 2420.06, 2430.03, 3520.09, 3590.05, B10.01, C70.02
cross-border insolvency, 230.07, 460.07, 880.02
duress provisions, 2440.04
firewall, § 7(6), 2420.01, 2420.02, 2420.03, 2420.09, 2430.05, 3520.09, 3560.06, 3590.05, 3830.07, 4050.05
forced heirship, 430.08, 970.04, 2420.02, 2420.09, 5030.05
foreign judgments, 230.11, 2430.02, 4130.02, 4140.04, 4150.02, 4190.02, B50.01, E20.03
foundations, 2460.01, 2460.05, 3140.07, B20.03
freezing orders, 2430.06
international standing, 2470.03, 2470.04, B60.03
invalidity for fraud, § 7(2)(b), 2420.04, 2420.07, 2430.03
letters of wishes, 3050.02
litigation barriers, 2430.01, 2430.04, 2430.05, 2430.07, 2450.04, 4530.06
marital claims, 430.06, 920.02, 980.02, 2420.02, 2420.09, 5040.04
other jurisdictions compared, 2180.02, 2420.05, B10.01, B10.02
planning, 2480.02, 2480.03, 2480.05, 2480.06, 2490.02, 2490.03
protective trusts, 2440.02
protectors, 2440.03, 3040.02, 4060.04, 4060.06
purpose trusts, 2440.07
registration, 2410.03, 2410.05, 2440.08, 4450.07, B10.01, G50.01, G50.02
Rensin case, 2450.01, 2450.04, 5580.03
settlor powers, 2440.01
solvency declaration, 5260.08
suitable clients, 2401.05, 2480.01, 2490.04
tax and reporting, 2410.05, 2480.04, 4310.07, 4360.09, G60.01
Threat Matrix ratings, 2490.01
trustees and regulation, 340.04, 2440.08, 2470.02
Trusts Act, 130.08, 2120.01, 2401.01, 2401.04, 2410.01, 2410.02, 2410.07, 2420.01, C70.02
Beneficial-ownership registers, 110.04, 150.03, 2150.03, 3440.04, 4401.03, 4440.01
British Virgin Islands, 4440.06
Cayman Islands, 4440.07
consistency, 4450.09, 4510.05, 4870.03, 5440.06
Cook Islands, 2280.02
European Union, 4440.02, 4440.03
Jersey, Guernsey and Isle of Man, 4440.08
Liechtenstein, 2850.05
offshore centers, 3870.03, 5450.05, G60.03
public access, 230.10, 3870.03, 4401.02, 4440.03, 4440.06, 4440.07, 4450.03, 4480.07
United Kingdom, 3870.03, 4440.04, 4440.05, 4440.09
United States, 1160.03, 2680.06, 4440.09, 5450.05, G20.02
WM and Sovim case, 4440.02
See also Corporate Transparency Act; Trust registers
Beneficiaries
creditors of, 470.01
disclosure rights, 4070.05
family governance and education, 1980.06
investment and entity management, 1740.06
not the lawyer's clients, 310.13
powers held by, 470.01, 1740.01
removal and replacement of trustee, 1740.02, 1740.05
reporting, 4330.02, 4430.02, 4430.03, 4430.09, 4480.02, 4510.02
Beneficiary designations
divorce, effect of, 1370.03
drafting, 3250.08
Bermuda
avoidance provisions, 2830.07, 4050.04
Brooks case, 840.02, 5440.02, 5530.02
change of governing law, 3020.04
directions to trustees, 4030.03
firewall, 2830.06, 2830.08, 3560.06, 4050.04
foreign judgments, 4130.02, B50.01
Grant case, 3940.06
insolvency assistance, 4160.03
insurance wrappers, 3290.05
segregated accounts companies, 3250.05
Blind trusts
public officials, 5170.05
Bridge trusts, 2940.01, 2940.02, 2940.03, 2940.04, 2940.05
design rules, 2940.05
timing problem, 2940.04
See also Hybrid DAPTs; Migration of trusts
British Virgin Islands, B10.03
beneficial-ownership register, 2840.02, 4440.06
Corporate Transparency Act, 4460.05
enforcement of judgments, 4110.06
freezing orders, 3830.05, 3830.07, B50.04
Norwich Pharmacal orders, 3840.08, 3840.09
Brussels I Regulation
provisional measures, 3860.04
Business distress
warning signs, 520.04
Business sales
indemnity claims, 560.04
BVI. See British Virgin Islands
C
California
alter ego and veil piercing, 670.03, 1520.02, 1530.06, 1550.03, 3320.05, 4830.03, 5520.06
attorney-client privilege, 3720.05, 3730.06, 5340.03
charging orders, 1620.05, 1640.01, 3340.03
community property, 260.05, 1130.02, 1130.04, 1130.06, 4820.06
criminal transfer statute, 330.03, 760.02, 760.03, 3620.06, D60.02
director tort liability, 4710.03
discovery, 3710.02
elder financial abuse, 5180.04
insurance, 1450.02, 1460.02, 1460.03, 3630.04
IRA exemption, 1320.03, 1320.05
judgment liens and lis pendens, 3650.06, 4810.03, 4810.05
limitation periods, 540.01, 690.02, 4880.02, 4880.03
malpractice damages caps, 5120.04
professional corporations, 4720.04, 4720.07
professional rules, 310.01, 5320.04
real property taxes, 4860.01, 4860.04, 4860.06
self-settled trusts, 650.02, 650.07, 2110.04, 5460.09
successor liability, 4760.03
UCC Article 12, 4910.05
Captive insurance, 1480.01
asset protection, as, 1480.07, 4770.04
Avrahami case, 1480.05
elements of insurance, 1480.04, 1480.05
legitimate uses, 1480.02, 4770.01
listed transactions, 1480.06, 4770.03
protected cell companies, 1480.01
risk retention groups, 1480.08
section 831(b) micro-captives, 1480.03, 1480.05, 1490.01, 4770.01, 4770.02
Threat Matrix ratings, 240.06, 1490.01
See also Insurance
CARF. See Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework
Cayman Islands
beneficial-ownership register, 4440.07
change of governing law, 3020.04
cross-border insolvency, 460.07
directions, s. 48, 4030.03, 4030.05, 4070.06
enforcement of U.S. judgments, 4110.06, 4130.02, 4140.05, 4190.02, B50.01
FATCA agreement, 4410.05, 4410.06, 4410.07
firewall, 2830.02, 3550.07, 3560.06, 3570.06, 3830.06, 4050.03
forced heirship, 5030.05
foreign families, 4250.05, 5080.06
foundation companies, 3180.01
Fraudulent Dispositions Act, 2830.03
insurance and annuities, 4270.02, 5580.03
interim relief, 3830.06, 3840.08
letters of request, 3570.05, 3570.06
reserved powers, 2830.04
STAR trusts, 2830.04, 2830.05, 3180.02
trust law, 2830.01
CERCLA. See Environmental liability
CFCs. See Controlled foreign corporations
Chabra jurisdiction. See Freezing orders
Changes in circumstances
annual review facts, 5480.02
business changes, 5460.06
changes in law, 5460.09
changes in offices, 5460.07
decanting and migration, 5460.08
divorce, 5460.04
marriage, 5460.03
post-claim restructuring, 5460.02
relocation, 5460.05
why plans drift, 5460.01
Changes in law
review of plans, 160.07
Chapter 15
comity, 3570.04
foreign avoidance law, 4160.07
recognition and relief, 4160.05
See also Cross-border insolvency
Charging orders, 1601.02
bankruptcy, in, 840.04, 1601.03, 1660.03, 2670.05, 3340.04, 3340.05, 5540.03
Belize, 2460.02
California, 1620.05, 1640.01, 3320.05, 3340.03
choice of law, 1620.03, 1620.04, 1620.05, 2760.03, 4110.06, 4850.01
Cook Islands, 2260.02, 3180.05
corporations compared, 1610.06
creditor's other remedies, 1620.02, 1640.01, 1640.02, 1640.03, 1640.06, 3350.06
Delaware, 1620.01, 1620.02, 1630.05, 2760.02, 2760.03, 3320.04, 3340.03, 4750.02
distributions, 1610.07, 1640.03, 1640.04, 1640.07, E70.03
divorce and IRS, 1690.02
exclusive remedy, as, 130.04, 240.03, 1620.01, 1620.02, 3320.07, 3340.02, 3340.03, 5540.02, 5540.04, C50.03, C50.04, C50.05, D50.02
Florida, 1620.01, 1630.01, 3340.02
limited partnerships, 1670.02, 2760.02
Nevada, 1620.01, 1630.04, 1630.05, 2860.04
Nevis, 2120.06, 2350.02, 2350.07, 3140.03, 3340.03
Olmstead case, 2670.01, 5540.02
operating agreement provisions, 1680.01, 5480.04, E70.01
origins and policy, 130.04, 1610.01, 1610.03, 1630.01
outside liability, 4701.02, 4750.01, 4750.02, B40.03
phantom income, 1610.04, 1690.04
planning, 1690.03, 1690.05, 2060.01, 2060.04, 3310.02, 4710.01, 4710.05, 4880.08, 4980.05
procedure, 1610.05
reverse veil piercing, 1550.02, 1550.03, 1550.04, 3320.02, 3320.04, 3320.05, 4730.05
series LLCs, 1650.03
settlement leverage, 1640.05
single-member LLCs, 240.03, 840.04, 1630.01, 1630.05, 2260.02, 2350.02, 2670.01, 3340.01, 3340.02, 3340.03, 4830.02, 5420.04, 5540.02, 5540.03, B40.02, B40.03, C50.04, C50.05, D50.01, D50.02
South Dakota, 1620.01, 1630.05
state survey, 1620.01, 1630.05, B40.01, B40.02, B40.03, C50.03, C50.04, C50.05, D50.01, D50.02
Texas, 1620.01, 1630.04, 1630.05, 3340.03, 3350.06, 4750.02
Threat Matrix ratings, 1601.04, 1690.01
transferable interest, 1610.02, 1610.07
Wyoming, 240.03, 1550.04, 1620.01, 1620.05, 1630.05, 2670.01, 2670.04, 3320.07
See also Family limited partnerships; Series LLCs; Single-member LLCs
Checklists
business owners, 4790.03
client file before trustee approach, 4590.03
cross-border families, 5090.03
digital assets, 4990.04
expatriation, 4690.03
real estate, 4890.03
transparency compliance, 4490.03
Child support
Alaska, 2870.05
exception creditors, 2610.03, 2630.03, 2640.06
Hague Convention 2007, 950.04
international recovery, 4670.07, 5070.03
Nevada, 2860.03
spendthrift and discretionary trusts, 1720.04, 1730.01, 1730.02, 1730.06
third-party trusts, 950.03
trust payments, E60.03
See also Support claims
Children
adult children and insurance, 1450.06
gifts to minors, 2040.02
outright gifts, 2040.01, 2040.05
parental liability, 1420.07
social-host liability, 1420.07
support payments, 2040.05
Uniform Transfers to Minors Act custodianships, 2040.02
China
land ownership restrictions, 4850.03
Choice of law, 3501.01, 3501.02, 3510.01, 3510.09, 3520.09, 3530.09, 3540.11, 3550.09, 3580.10, 3590.05
adviser protection statutes, 5350.03
bankruptcy, in, 230.02, 840.02, 1850.01, 3360.05, 3510.06, 3510.07, 3540.11
Belize, 2420.08, 2450.05, C70.02
change of governing law, 1930.02, 1930.05, 3020.02, 3020.03, 3020.04, 3580.05, 4530.07, 5460.05, 5460.09, 5510.02
charging orders, 1620.03, 1620.04, 1620.05
Delaware, 2740.02
dépeçage, 3510.03
digital assets, 4910.01, 4910.09
divorce, 430.05, 1830.03, 3530.07, 3550.09
domestic asset protection trusts, 1840.01, 1840.02, 1840.03, 2680.02, 2680.04, 4170.05, 5430.03
entities, law governing, 1520.05, 1520.06, 3320.04, 3580.07
firewall provisions, 2120.03
forum shopping, 3510.04, 3510.05
governing law and forum clauses, 1840.04, 3010.03, 3510.09, 3530.06, 3580.01, 5530.06
Hague Trusts Convention, 3520.03, C90.01
home forum, 2740.04, 2780.01, 3501.03, 3550.09, 3590.05, 5220.07, 5440.02, 5501.03, A40.04
Huber case, 230.02, 240.03, 530.02, 2450.01, 2450.05, 5530.01
incidents of title, 1110.03, 1120.10
insurance policies, 3250.07, 3260.07
jurisdiction of deposit, 3410.01
limitation periods and procedure, 540.03, 540.07, 3510.08
planning analysis, 3510.09, 3580.10, 3590
public policy and mandatory rules, 230.02, 3550.01, 3550.02, 3550.03, 3550.04, 3550.06, 5101.03, 5120.09
real estate, 4810.01, 4810.02, 4810.06
renvoi, 3510.09
Restatement (Second) § 270, 230.02, 1840.02, 2680.02, 2740.04, 3530.01, 3530.02, 3530.03, 5530.03
restraints on alienation, § 273, 3530.04, 3580.03
self-settled trusts, 130.08, 140.04, 140.06, 710.06, 3530.06, 3530.07, 3530.09, 5510.03, 5530.01
Sessions case, 2230.04, 2250.04
spendthrift trusts, 1701.02, 1701.04
succession, 5030.03
Uniform Trust Code § 107, 3530.05
voidable transfers, UVTA § 10, 230.02, 650.02, 1840.03, 2710.08, 3510.02, 3520.02, 3540, 3540.02, 3540.03, 3540.04, B30.03, C20.01
See also Comity; Foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement; Hague Trusts Convention
Civil conspiracy
fraudulent transfers, 320.02
Civil contempt. See Contempt
Civil RICO
planners and promoters, 320.02
Civil unions
tenancy by the entirety, 1170.04
Civil-law jurisdictions
recognition of trusts, 5060.01, 5060.03, 5060.04, 5060.05
trusts owning land, 4850.05
Claim response, 3610.08, 3620.09, 3630.06, 3640.08, 3650.08, 3660.08, 3670.08, 3680.06
forum and its reach, 3610.04
insurance first, 3610.06, 3630.01
review of existing plan, 3601.02, 3610.07, 3640, 3640.01, 3640.02, 3640.08
size of claim, 3610.05
solvency reconstruction, 3640.04
strategy and settlement, 3680, 3680.05
thirty-day protocol, 3601.01, 3601.02, 3690.01
Threat Matrix, 3690.02, 3690.03
timing position, 3610.03
triage, 3601.03, 3610.01, 3610.02, 3610.08, 3680.01
what should not be done, 3670.08
what the client may still do, 3670, 3670.01, 3670.07
written instructions to client, 3620.05, 3620.09
See also Evidence preservation; Insurance; Prejudgment remedies
Clause library
conventions, E01.04
governing law conformity, E01.03
limits of clauses, E01.02
list of clauses, E01.05
purpose, E01.01
Clawbacks
no indemnification, 5140.02, 5140.04
officers without misconduct, 5140.03
protective transfers and, 5140.04, 5140.08
Rule 10D-1, 5140.02
Sarbanes-Oxley § 304, 5140.03
See also Executives
Client profiles
causes of failed planning, 5101.03
checklist, 5190.03
composition of wealth, 5110.06
elements of profile, 5110.01
frequency, severity and lag, 5110.01
purpose, 5101.02
scope, 5101.01
summary table, 5110.07
See also Intake; Threat Matrix
Client representations
engagement letter, 5330.02, 5330.04
four groups of terms, 5330.01
guarantees disclosed, 5330.02
reliance on, 5330.04
solvency, 5330.02
Client trust accounts
advance fees, 5360.02
Clients of modest means, 5170.07
Colorado
Albright case, 5540.03
Comfort letters
false client information, 5380.05
third parties, 5330.06, 5380.05
withdrawal, 5380.05
See also Opinion letters
COMI. See Center of main interests
Comity, 3570.01
abstention and forum non conveniens, 3570.06
bankruptcy, Chapter 15, 3570.04
foreign discovery, 3760.02, 3760.04
foreign orders affecting trusts, 4010.04, 4020.05, 4030.04
havens, 3570.05
orders against persons, 3570.03, 3570.06
reciprocity, 3570.02
separate entity rule, 3570.03, 3570.06
See also Choice of law
Commodity Futures Trading Commission
repatriation orders, 3920.02
Common Reporting Standard, 1080.01, 4420.01
2023 amendments, 4420.07
avoidance arrangements, 4420.08, 4420.09, 4480.05
Belize, 2470.03
citizenship by investment jurisdictions, 4610.08
controlling persons, 4420.06, 4420.07, 4430.03, 4430.04
Cook Islands, 2210.01, 2280.02
development of, 4401.05
digital assets, 4420.07, 4470.03
effect on planning, 450.08, 4401.06, 4480.01
insurance contracts, 3240.06
investment entities, 4420.03, 4420.04, 4430.02, 4430.08
Liechtenstein, 2850.05
Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement, 4420.01
overlap with AML beneficial ownership, 4401.03, 4420.06
participating jurisdictions, 450.08, 2150.03, 2150.04, 4420.02
passive non-financial entities, 4420.05, 4430.03, 4430.09
private creditors' access, 230.10
self-certification, 4430.09
St Kitts and Nevis, 2370.03
Switzerland, 2560.04
trusts, persons reported, 4430.01, 4430.02, 4430.03, 4430.09, 4480.06, B60.02, G60.01
underlying companies, 4430.05
United States non-participation, 450.08, 4410.10, 4420.02, 4430.06, G60.02
Community property, 430.02, 1130.01, 5040.01
bankruptcy, 1130.03
basis adjustment, 1130.05
community property trusts, 430.02, 5040.01
creditors, 240.09, 260.05, 1130.02, 4820.06
digital assets, 4940.08
LLC interests, 1550.03, 1630.06
marital agreements, 240.09, 260.05
migration between regimes, 1130.06, 5040.02
offshore trusts, 2230.03, 2310.04, 5040.02
partition and transmutation, 260.05, 1130.04, 1780.07, 2030.02
quasi-community property, 1130.06
registered partners, 1170.04
SLAT funding, 1780.07
spousal consent, 430.02, 2920.07, F10.03
Texas, 1290.04
Threat Matrix, 210.13, 1190.03
trust interests, 5460.03
trusts in separate-property states, 1130.05
See also Marital property regimes
Community-property trusts
asset protection trade-off, 1130.05
Concealment
bankruptcy crime, 110.06, 330.02
consequences, 110.04, 140.06, 160.06
inference from secrecy, 3870.08
protection distinguished, 110.04
See also Criminal liability
Conduit trusts
retirement benefits, 1330.02
Confidentiality
Cook Islands § 23, 2210.04, 2250.03
letters of wishes, 4450.06
Rule 1.6 exceptions, 5380.04
secrecy distinguished, 4401.02
transparency regimes, 4450.07, 4480.07
trust information under freezing order, 3880.06
trust statutes, 4070.06
Conflict of laws. See Choice of law
Connecticut
decanting, 930.02
decanting and divorce, 1940.05
mortgage standing, 4840.03
reverse piercing, 4830.03, 4830.09
reverse veil piercing, 5540.05
self-settled trusts, 840.02, 5440.02, 5530.02
settlor's domicile rule, 3510.04, 3530.07
trust income tax, 4270.05
voidable transactions, 3850.11
Conspiracy
advisers, 5350.02, 5350.05, 5570.01
advisers, New Jersey, 5570.02
Florida, open after Freeman, 5570.03
Construction trust funds
bankruptcy, 5160.05
contractors' exposure, 5160.01
statutes, 5160.04
Texas example, 5160.07
Constructive fraud
Freeman v. Pope, 610.05
reasonably equivalent value, 640.01
See also Voidable transactions
Constructive trusts
transferred assets, 740.05
Contempt, 3910.07, 3930.07, 3970.07
Anderson case, 140.03, 440.04, 1030.02, 1930.03, 2130.03, 2140.05, 2240.02, 2250.02, 2930.04, 2980.02, 3030.02, 3040.05, 3370.03, 3420.02, 3660.03, 3930.06, 3940.01, 5380.07, 5410.07, 5520.03, 5550.04
bankruptcy, in, 870.01, 870.03, 3360.05, 3910.04
Bilzerian case, 3660.04, 3940.03, 5520.04
Chadwick case, 3940.07, 3950.04, 5550.03
civil and criminal distinguished, 330.06, 3910.02, 3910.03, 3910.06, 3910.07, 3950.05
coercive confinement, 140.03, 140.04, 3901.03, 3910.02, 3910.03, 3910.07, 3950.01, 3950.05, 3990.04
digital assets, 4910.09, 4940.02, 4940.04, 4950.05, 4980.08
divorce and support orders, 430.07, 920.01, 920.03, 960.02, 2450.02
domestic asset protection trusts, 1860.04
duration of confinement, 140.04, 870.03, 3030.05, 3950.01, 3950.02, 3950.03, 3950.04, 5550.03, 5550.04
duress clauses, 1930.01, 1930.03, 3030.02, 3030.03, 3030.05
England and Wales, 3810.10, 3820.07, 3960.01, 3960.02, 3960.03, 3960.04, 3960.05, 3960.06, 3960.08
entities and foundations, 1640.04, 3140.08, 3350.07, 5520.05
failed plans, 5501.01, 5501.02, 5510.01, 5550.01
fines and sanctions, 5550.05
foreign law and comity, 3570.03, 3760.04
freezing orders, 440.04, 3350.04, 3810.10, 3820.04, 3880.02
Grant case, 3020.06, 3030.04, 3660.05, 3940.06
inability to comply, 3740.05, 3901.03, 3910.07, 3930.01, 3930.02, 3930.04, 3960.07, 4940.02, 5520.02, 5550.02
Lawrence case, 140.04, 870.02, 2130.03, 2140.05, 2980.02, 3030.03, 3530.08, 3660.04, 3940.02, 5460.02, 5510.02, 5550.04
offshore trusts, 240.05, 670.06, 2220.07, 2250.04, 2270.03, 2320.06, 2340.05, 2930.04, 2980.02, 2980.03
planner's exposure, 330.06, 3970.07
planning for risk, 3970.01, 3970.02, 3970.03, 3970.04, 3970.05, 3970.06, 3990.03, 3990.04
power and procedure, 3910.01, 3910.05, 3910.07, 5550.02
reach over the debtor, 230.04, 240.04, 3901.02, 5101.03
repatriation orders, 770.04, 2130.03
reported cases, 140.05, 3901.03, 3940.08
retained control, 1930.03, 3060.02, 3060.06, 3420.02, 3420.07, 5430.04, 5440.05, 5520.01
self-created inability, 3420.03, 5550.02
Solow case, 3030.04, 3940.04, 5510.05
transfers after orders, 220.05, 2940.04, 2980.01, 2980.05, 2980.07, 3970.05, 5490.02, E30.02, E30.03
See also Impossibility defense; Repatriation orders
Contingent assets, 5240.07
Contingent liabilities
guarantees, 5240.06
individuals, 5230.07
insurance offset, 5240.05
pending litigation, 5240.04
schedule, 5280.04, 5480.03, F20.04, F20.07
valuation, 5230.02, 5240.01, 5240.03, 5240.05, 5240.07, A60.03
Xonics case, 5240.02
See also Guarantees; Solvency analysis
Continuance of entities. See Migration of entities
Contract creditors
judicial attitude, 410.01
remedies against structures, 410.09
types and evidence, 410.09
voluntary credit, 410.01
Control
digital asset keys, 3470.07
documents, legal right test, 3710.04
documents, practical ability test, 3710.04
freezing order extended definition, 3820.08, 3880.03
investment authority, 3420.04
online access, 3420.06
Controllable electronic records. See Uniform Commercial Code
Controlled foreign corporations
after settlor's death, 4340.07
default classification trap, 4340.07
entities beneath trusts, 4260.04, 4280.04
grantor trust owner as shareholder, 4260.02
holding companies, 5010.06
subpart F, 4260.02
Controlling persons. See Common Reporting Standard
Conversion of non-exempt assets
examples, 1220.10, 1240.06, 1250.05, 1270.05
extrinsic evidence of fraud, 1270.02, 1270.05
Florida, 1270.06
general rule, 1270.01, 1270.02
planning guidelines, 1230.04, 1270.05
Reed case, 1270.05
retirement contributions, 1360.03, 1360.06
statutory limits, 1270.03
Tveten and Hanson, 1270.02
voidable-transactions law, 1270.04
Cook Islands
515 South Orange Grove case, 2140.03, 2250.01, 4040.07, 4050.07, 4140.02
amendments, 2140.03, 2210.01, 2250.01, 3570.05, 5580.05, B10.02
Anderson case, 140.03, 1930.03, 2250.02, 5410.07, 5520.03
anti-money laundering, 2280.01, 4510.06, 4520.04, 4530.03, 4550.06
bankruptcy, 230.07, 460.07, 820.03, 880.02, 2230.02
case law, 430.05, 2250.01, 2250.03, 2250.04, 2250.05, 5340.04, 5510.05, 5520.04, 5580.02, 5580.03
companies and LLCs, 2260.01, 2260.02, 2260.03, 2260.06, 3180.05, B10.01, B40.02
comparisons, 2180.02, 2180.05, 2201.01, 2280.06, 2330.03, 2380.06, 2420.05, B10.01, B10.02, B60.03
confidentiality, 2210.04, 2280.02, 3050.02, 3760.05, 4070.06, 4070.07
constitutional status, 2150.01, 2201.02
discovery, 2250.03
duress provisions, 2240.03, 2280.06, 3960.09
family claims, 430.06, 960.03, 2230.03, 2260.05, 5030.05, 5040.05, 5120.09
firewall provisions, 4050.07
foreign judgments, non-recognition, 230.11, 2230.01, 3560.06, 3560.08, 3830.07, 3920.05, 3960.09, 4130.02, 4140.02, 4150.02, 4190.02, B50.01, E20.03
foundations, 2260.04, 3140.05, 3140.06, B20.03
fraudulent dispositions, § 13B, 540.05, 670.06, 2220.01, 2220.05, 2220.06, 4050.07, 4140.02, 4150.04
freezing orders, 430.05, 3650.08, 3810.05, 3830.07, 3880.07
government and criminal claims, 1040.02, 1080.02, 2230.05, 2250.02, 3960.08, 4570.07
international trust, meaning of, 2210.02
International Trusts Act, 130.08, 1820.01, 2120.01, 2120.03, 2120.05, 2120.07, 2201.04, C60.01
layered structures, 3350.07, 3390.04
limitation periods, 540.05, 2130.04, 2220.03, 2220.04, 2250.01, 3660.02, B10.01
migration of trusts, 2210.06, 2280.05, 2960.04, 2970.04, 3020.03, E30.02
planning, 2210.07, 2270.04, 2270.05, 2290.02, 2290.03, 5150.06
protectors, 2240.02, 3040.02, 4060.04
registration of trusts, 2210.03, 4450.07, 5450.06, G50.01, G50.02
repatriation orders, 3910.07, 3930.07
Rush case, 530.04, 1860.02, 5180.05, 5530.05
settlor powers, § 13C, 2210.05, 3060.01, 4060.03
solvency safe harbor, § 13B(2), 2220.02, 5260.08
springing structure, 2270.03
suitable assets, 2270.01, 2270.06, 3280.06
tax and reporting, 2280.02, 2280.03, 2280.04, 4210.06, 4410.10, 4640.06, 4670.05, G60.01
Threat Matrix ratings, 2290.01
trustees, 340.04, 2201.02, 2240.01, 2240.04, 2240.05, 2240.06, 3070.05, 4010.06, 4030.03, 4070.04, 4070.07
two forums analysis, 2220.07, 2230.06
Webb case, 5410.05
Co-owners
creditors of, 470.03
Corporate Transparency Act, 4460.01
2025 and 2026 narrowing, 1160.03, 2680.06, 3870.03, 4401.05, 4460.03, 5450.05, G20.02
beneficial owners, 4460.01, 4460.04, 4460.08
confidentiality, 4440.09, 4460.05
litigation, 4460.02
penalties, 4460.01
protective structures, 4460.05
Corporations
conversion to LLC, 1610.06
inside protection, 1510.02, 1520.01
shareholder liability, 4710.02
shares, levy on, 1510.01, 1510.02, 1610.06
weaker vehicle for owner, 4710.05, 4750.03
when appropriate, 1520.02
Correspondent accounts
funds in transit, 3410.05
government subpoenas, 230.03
specific jurisdiction, 3430.03
Correspondent banks
records of transfers, 3870.04
Covered expatriates. See Exit tax
Creditors, 101.03, 510.01, 5220.01
beneficial-ownership registers, access to, 4440.05, 4440.09, 4450.03, 4450.05
beneficiaries' creditors, 470.01
C1 contract creditors, 210.01, 210.02, 410.01, 410.09, 1440.06, 1530.04, 1601.04, 1690.01
C2 tort creditors, 210.01, 210.03, 420.01, 420.09, 1401.04, 1490.01, 1601.04, 1690.01, 1730.03, 3610.08, 5510.07
C3 and C4 family claimants, 901.01, 901.02, 990.02
C3 spouses, 210.01, 210.04, 430.01, 430.02, 430.09, 1590.01, 1690.02, 1760.01
C4 support claimants, 210.01, 210.05, 430.01, 430.06, 430.07, 430.09, 1720.04, 1730.01, 1730.02
C5 government and sovereign creditors, 120.06, 160.05, 210.01, 210.06, 440.01, 450.01, 450.08, 1001.01, 1090.02, 1580.03, 1690.02, 1730.04, 1860.05, 2010.04, 3610.08, 3680.04, 4290.01, 4390.01, 4490.01, 4590.01, 4760.04, 4790.01, 4920.07
C6 bankruptcy trustee, 210.01, 210.07, 460.01, 801.01, 890.04, 1501.04, 1590.01, 1601.04, 1660.01, 1710.05
claims, meaning and creation, 401.03, 401.04, 3610.03
classes, 120.01, 120.03, 120.04, 120.08, 210.01, 210.08, 210.09, 210.10, 210.14, 401.02, 480.01, 480.04, 480.05, 3610.02, 5101.02, 5190.01, A20.01, A20.02, A20.04
criminal confiscation, priority of, 4570.01, 4590.01
disputed claims, 510.04
entity creditors and co-owners, 470.02, 470.03
existing, 110.03, 160.02, 501.03, 530.01, 4760.01, 4780.04, 4790.01
foreseeable, 110.03, 160.02, 501.03, 530.02, 530.03, 5210.09
future, 110.02, 110.03, 501.03, 510.02, 510.03, 530.03, 1801.03, 1830.01, 2830.03, 2830.07, 2840.06, 5110.02, 5150.03, 5220.02
insurers and sureties, 210.11
Internal Revenue Service, 4660.04, 4670.01, 4670.04, 5070.02
jurisdiction choice, 2110.02, 2910.04, 2920.02, B70.01
litigation funders, debt buyers and assignees, 210.12, 510.07
related creditors, 210.13
Rule 1.2(d), 5320.03
Threat Matrix, by chapter, 2090.01, 3290.01, 3290.02, 3290.03, 3290.04, 3330.01, 3360, 3390.02, 3490.01, 3490.02, 3490.03, 3490.04, 3590.01, 3590.02, 3590.03, 3590.04, 3890.01, 3990.01, 4090.01, 4190.01, 4490.01, 4590.01, 4690.01, 4790.01, 4890.01, 4990.01, 5090.01, 5390.01, 5490.01, 5590.02
See also Threat Matrix
Creditors' bills
equitable remedies, 670.02
Crime-fraud exception, 320.05, 3730.01, 3730.06, 3730.08, 3780.05, 5340.01
bankruptcy, 830.04, 3730.04, 3750.01
Clark case, 3730.01
client's purpose, 320.05, 5340.01
Cook Islands, 2250.03
engagement letters, 5340.04, F30.02, F30.03
fraudulent transfers as fraud, 3730.03, 3730.05, 3730.08, 5340.02, 5340.05, 5340.06, 5340.08
government investigators, 5390.01
in camera review (Zolin), 320.05, 320.10, 3730.02, 3730.08, 3750.05, 5340.02, 5370.07
lawyer's good faith, 3730.01, 3730.08
Maryland, 3730.05
planning files, 320.09, 710.04, 770.01, 3610.07, 3620.09, 3640.01, 3780.04, 3780.05, 4550.07, 5280.06, 5340.07, 5370.02, 5570.06
Texas, 3730.06
timing, 3730.03, 3730.07, 5390.02
work product, 320.05
See also Attorney-client privilege; Planning files
Criminal contempt. See Contempt
Criminal liability, 330.01, 5560.01
bankruptcy crimes, 110.06, 330.01, 330.02, 810.02, 1660.06, 1850.04, 3550.05, 3620.06, 3620.09, 4550.07, 5560.01, 5560.02, 5560.05
choice of law, 3550.05
civil proceedings, effect on, 760.06
conspiracy and accomplice liability, 330.01, 760.05, 5560.01
contempt and obstruction, 330.01, 330.06, 1020.03, 3620.06, 3620.09, 3970.07, 5550.01
Cook Islands, 2230.05
Corporate Transparency Act, 4460.01
Delaware, 2710.09
false statements, 410.03, 1010.03, 1020.02, 3620.06, 3640.06, 3680.03, 5260.07
federal offenses, 760.04, D60.03
Fifth Amendment exposure, 3740.01, 3740.06
forfeiture of fees, 330.11
investigations, transfers during, 440.06
migration after claim, 2980.06
Model Penal Code, 760.02, 760.03, D60.02
money laundering, 110.06, 180.04, 330.01, 330.05, 4550.04, 4550.07, 4570.01, 4570.04, 4570.07, 5560.02
non-support, 430.07
perjury, 5560.03
planners, 1020.04, 5350.04, 5560.02, 5560.04, 5570.01, 5570.05
planning distinguished from crime, 330.10, 5560.05
prohibited ownership, concealing, 4850.03, 4850.04
state statutes, 330.01, 330.03, 760.01, 760.02, 760.03, 3550.05, 3620.06, 4501.03, 4570.07, D60.01, D60.02
Statute of Elizabeth penalties, 670.04
tax crimes, 110.06, 330.01, 330.04, 760.04, 1020.01, 4360.06, 5560.04
Criminal restitution
C5 creditor class, 210.06, 210.10
DAPTs, 1860.05
lien, 450.06
nondischargeable, 450.06
trust interests, 1730.04
Cross-border families
chapter 15 exposure, 880.05
coordination of advisers, 5080.06
forced heirship planning, 5080.03
non-U.S. families with U.S. assets, 5080.02
planning illustration, 260.04, 450.08
planning problem, 5001.02
planning steps, 5080.01
United States persons abroad, 5080.04
United States trusts for non-U.S. settlors, 5080.05
See also Forced heirship; Nonresident aliens; United States persons abroad
Cross-border insolvency
Cambridge Gas withdrawn, 4160.02
common-law assistance, 4160.02, 4160.03
consequences for trusts, 4160.04
Cook Islands, 2230.02
framework, 4160.01
individuals, 4160.09
Singularis limits, 4160.03
UNCITRAL Model Law, 460.07, 2130.05
See also Bankruptcy; Chapter 15
CRS. See Common Reporting Standard
Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework
controlling persons look-through, 4470.01, 4470.05
implementation dates, 4470.02
scope, 4470.01
trust exchange accounts, 4930.02
Cryptocurrency. See Digital assets
CTA. See Corporate Transparency Act
Custodians
common errors, 260.07
reach of U.S. courts, A40.02, A40.05
United States, trust assets, 4020.06
U.S. brokerage accounts, 230.03, 230.05
U.S. custody restriction, E30.03
See also Banks and custodians
Custody
jurisdiction of custodian, 2950.05
Customer due diligence. See KYC and AML
D
DAPTs. See Domestic asset protection trusts
Decanting, 1940.01
after a claim, 1940.06, 5460.08
divorce, in, 930.02, 1940.05, 5460.04
notice and fiduciary duty, 1940.03
protective uses, 1940.04
scope of power, 1940.02
Uniform Trust Decanting Act, 1940.01, 1940.02, 1940.03
Wyoming, 2660.02
See also Migration of trusts; Trust modification
Decentralized autonomous organizations
Wyoming DAO LLCs, 2670.03
Declining engagements
declination memorandum, 5270.04
intake failures, 5201.02
proceed, limit or decline, 5270.03
refusal to provide information, 5270.02
See also Withdrawal
Defalcation
Bullock standard, 5150.02
Defamation judgments
SPEECH Act, 4170.04
Default judgments
missed service, 5420.07
Deferred compensation. See Nonqualified deferred compensation
Delaware, 2180.02, 2701.01, 2701.02, 2701.05, 2710.09, 2790.02, 2790.04, 2790.05, 3560.04, 4780.04
avoidance of qualified dispositions, 2730.07, C40.02, C40.04
bankruptcy, 2740.07
burden of proof, 540.05, 2730.04
change of trustee, 2730.10, 2740.05, E30.02
charging orders, 1620.01, 1620.02, 1630.05, 2760.02, 2760.03, 3320.04, 3340.03, 4750.02, B40.02, C50.03, D50.01
choice of law, 2740.02, 2740.04, 3310.06, 3510.08, 3540.01
corporations, 2740.08, 4740.03, 4750.03, 4750.04, 4750.05, 5140.05
Court of Chancery, 2740.01, 2740.02, 2740.03, 2740.08
decanting and modification, 2750.07
directed trusts, 250.02, 1910.01, 1910.03, 2720.04, 2750.01, 2750.02, 2750.03, 2750.04, 2940.03
exception creditors, 210.04, 430.06, 920.02, 980.03, 1830.03, 2710.03, 2730.05, 2730.06, 2730.10, C40.03
exclusive jurisdiction and remedy, 2740.03, 3540.10, 3560.03
exemptions, 1210.06, 1240.02, 1260.02, 1330.04
franchise tax and filings, 5420.05, 5420.06, 5420.07, G40.01, G40.02
homestead, 1210.06, 1220.01, D20.01, D20.02
limitation periods, 540.02, 540.05, 540.07, 2701.03, 2730.03, 2730.09, 2740.02, C40.02
limited liability companies, 1510.03, 1520.05, 1530.01, 2760.01, 2760.04, 2970.02, 4460.05, 4710.02, 5420.01
nonresident settlors, 2780.01, 2780.02, 2780.05
perpetuities, 1770.02, 2710.07, 2770.06
Qualified Dispositions in Trust Act, 130.08, 1820.01, 1820.04, 1830.01, 1830.05, 2720.01, 2720.02, 2720.05, 2720.06, 2720.07, 2730.01, 2730.02, 2730.07, B30.01, C40.01, C40.02, C40.03, C40.04, C40.05
qualified trustees, 2720.03, 4560.01, 5430.03, C40.01, E20.01
retained interests and powers, 2720.06, 2720.07, C40.01
reverse veil piercing, 1550.02, 3320.04, 4730.05, 4830.03, 5540.04
series LLCs, 1560.07, 1650.01, 1650.05, 2760.05, 4830.04, 5520.05
sham and control arguments, 2740.06
silent trusts, 2750.06
spendthrift trusts, 1701.04, 1730.06, 2710.01, 2710.02, 2710.03, 2710.05, 2710.06
spousal consent and waiver, 920.02, 980.03, 2730.06, C40.03
spousal lifetime access trusts, 1780.03, 1780.08
statutory trusts, 2760.06, 4460.04, 4860.03, G40.01
taxation, 2770.01, 2770.02, 2770.04, 2770.05, 4230.01, 4230.05
tenancy by the entirety, 1120.09, C40.04, D20.01
third-party trusts, 1720.05, 1730.06, 2710.03, 2710.04, 2710.09
Threat Matrix ratings, 2790.01
trust migration, 2750.08, 2780.03, 2780.04, 2960.03, 2960.04, 2960.05
trustee and adviser protection, 540.06, 2730.08, 5350.03, C40.02
UCC Article 12, 4910.03, 4910.05
Delinquent International Information Return Submission Procedures
use, 4370.03
Deposits
custody assets distinguished, 3450.01
European Union, 3450.05
Switzerland, 3450.03
United States insurance, 3450.02
De-risking
banks, 3440.01
Developers and contractors
construction trust funds, 5160.04, 5160.05
exposure, 5160.01
Huber case, 5160.06
planning, 5160.07
recourse carve-outs, 5160.02
solvency covenants, 5160.03
timing table, 5190.02
Digital assets
bankruptcy, in, 4950.01, 4950.02, 4950.03, 4950.04, 4950.05
Celsius case, 3470.01, 3470.08, 4920.03, 4950.04, 4950.05
creditor remedies, 3840.09, 4940.01, 4940.02, 4940.03, 4940.05, 4940.09, 4950.05
Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework, 4470.01, 4470.02, 4470.03, 4470.05
Cryptopia case, 4910.08
custody models, 3470.07, 3840.09, 3870.06, 4920.01, 4920.05, 4920.08, 4920.09, 4980.03, 4990.02
custody regulation, 3470.02, 3470.04, 3470.06, 4920.06, 4930.05
death and incapacity, 4970.01, 4970.02, 4970.03, 4970.04, 4970.05
divorce, 4940.08
England and Wales, 4910.07, 4940.05
exchange insolvency, 3470.01, 3470.08, 4901.02, 4910.08, 4920.03, 4920.04
GENIUS Act, 3470.02, 3470.03, 4920.05, 4920.07
legal character, 3840.09, 4901.02, 4910.01, 4910.02
multisignature arrangements, 3470.05, 3470.07, 3470.08, 4920.02, 4930.08
planning steps, 4970.05, 4980.01, 4980.02, 4980.05, 4980.06, 4980.07, 4990.04
private keys, 4901.02, 4910.01, A40.05
situs and jurisdiction, 4910.01, 4910.06, 4910.09, 4930.06, 4980.03
source of wealth, 4520.06, 4520.07, 4580.04, 4980.08, 5170.06
Switzerland, 3450.03
tax reporting, 4470.04, 4960.01, 4960.02, 4960.04, G10.01
taxation, 4910.02, 4960.03, 4960.05
tracing, 3840.09, 3870.06, 4910.07, 4940.01, 4940.06, 4940.07
trusts holding, 2270.06, 4930.01, 4930.02, 4930.03, 4930.04, 4930.06, 4930.07, 4930.08, 4980.04
UCC Article 12, 3470.05, 4910.03, 4910.04, 4910.05, 4920.02, 4930.01
DINGs. See Incomplete gift nongrantor trusts
Directed trusts, 1910.01
asset protection, 1910.05
beneficiary as adviser, 1740.06, 1910.06
common structures, 1910.02, 1980.05
Delaware, 2750.01, 2750.02, 2750.03
digital assets, 4930.03
directed trustee's liability, 1910.03, 2750.02
settlor as adviser, 2620.07
Threat Matrix ratings, 1990.01
trust directors' duties and liability, 340.09, 1910.04, 2750.03
Uniform Directed Trust Act, 1910.01, 1910.03, 1910.04
Wyoming, 2660.01
Directions applications
foreign orders affecting trust, 4030.04
four categories, 4030.01
Nevis court, 3970.07
protection of trustee, 4030.05
statutory sources, 4030.03
surrender of discretion, 4030.01, 4030.02
trustee replacement, 4030.06
trustee served with foreign order, 3880.01, 3880.06, 3890.04
See also Beddoe applications; Blessing applications
Directors and officers
family businesses, 1440.03
insurance, Side A, 1440.02, 1450.06
insured-versus-insured exclusion, 1440.03
nonprofit board service, 1420.06
volunteer immunity, 1420.06
Disclaimers
alternative to assignment, 1810.03
creditors and bankruptcy, 1710.05
federal tax lien, 450.01, 560.04
federal tax liens, 1710.05, 5180.06
insolvent disclaimants, 5180.06
Disclosure
bankruptcy schedules, 3640.07
insurance agreements, 3630.05
seasoning, as tool for, 560.03
settlement financial statements, 3680.03, 3680.06
starts discovery period, 540.02
Discovery, 3701.02, 3701.03, 3710.01, 3710.07, 3720.08, 3750.05
§ 1782, 3870.07, 3870.08, 5070.04
abroad, 2570.02, 3701.03, 3760, 3760.01, 4070.07, 5070.04
before judgment, 3710.02, 3710.07
blocking statutes and bank secrecy, 2570.01, 2570.02, 2570.05, 3430.03
charging-order creditors, 1640.06
control of documents, 3070.04, 3350.05, 3710.04, 3710.07, 3760.07, 3940.08
digital assets, 4940.09
entities and structures, 110.04, 1570.06, 3350.05, 4870.03, 4870.05
Fifth Amendment and adverse inferences, 330.07, 5550.05
insurance agreements, 1470.02
NML Capital case, 3710.03
Norwich Pharmacal orders, 3840.01, 3840.02
planning files, 3750.03, 3780, 5280.06
post-judgment, 230.04, 230.10, 3350.05, 3430.04, 3710.03, 3870.02, 3870.08
privilege logs, 3710.06, 3730.02
Rule 2004 examinations, 830.02
sanctions, 230.04, 5550.01, 5550.05
tax returns and registers, 4390.02, 4390.03, 4401.02, 4450.09, 4490.01, 4490.02
trust documents, 1980.01, 1980.02, 3050.04, 3070.04, 3710.07, 4080.03, 5430.07
voidable-transfer claims, 770.01
See also Attorney-client privilege; Hague Evidence Convention
Discretionary trusts, 1720.01
beneficiary protection, 120.05, 120.07
Delaware, 2710.04
distribution committees, 1910.02, 1910.05, 1960.04
distributions, methods of, 1720.06, 1720.07, 1750.04, 1750.05
drafting, 1720.06, 1720.07, 3010.04, E10.02
expectancy, 930.01, 930.03, 950.02, 2610.04
freezing orders, 3820.06, 3820.07, 3880.04
international families, 260.04
Pfannenstiehl case, 470.01
Restatement (Second), 1720.02
Restatement (Third), 1720.03, 2710.04
settlor as beneficiary, 2640.01, 2640.03
Threat Matrix ratings, 1790.01
Disgorgement
Brennan case, 5510.04
limitation periods, 440.02
Liu case, 440.02
SEC power, 5130.02
SEC v. Govil, 5130.03
Sripetch and pecuniary loss, 5130.03
time abroad, 5130.02
Dishonest assistance
trustees, 4040.05
Disregarded entities
default classification, 3380.01
Form 8858, 3380.03
liability separateness, 3380.02
like-kind exchanges, 4860.03
residence exclusion, 4860.02
returns as evidence, 3380.04
Distribution committees
ING trusts, 4230.02
Distributions
after receipt, 1750.01, 1750.06
after repatriation order, 3660.05, 3940.06, 3950.05, 3990.02
bankruptcy, before, 1750.07
overdue mandatory distributions, 1750.02
settlor's personal obligations, 5430.04
to settlor under creditor pressure, 2240.06, 2340.06, 3660.01, 3660.06, 4010.02, 4010.05, 4010.06
use of trust property in kind, 1750.03
District of Columbia
proposed Rule 1.16 comment, 5210.05
Divorce, 910.04, 920.03, 960.03, 980.03
Belize, 2420.02, 2420.09, 2480.04
beneficiary's interest, 470.01, 1760.01, 1760.02, 1760.03, 5410.06
business and entity interests, 1670.06, 1690.02, 4750.04, 4790.01
choice of law, 1830.03, 3530.07, 3540.06, 3550.09, 3590.02, 5530.01
compensating awards, 210.04, 230.09, 240.03
contempt and repatriation orders, 2450.02, 3920.02, 3940.07, 3960.07, 3990.01, 5550.03
Cook Islands, 2230.03, 2230.04
Dahl case, 430.05, 5120.09, 5530.07
decanting, 930.02, 1940.05, 5460.04
Delaware, 2710.03, 2730.05, 2730.10, 2740.03
digital assets, 4940.08
dissipation, 210.04, 430.03, 960.01, 1830.03, 1860.06
drafting for beneficiary's marriage, 1760.05, 1760.06
England and Wales, 980.01, 980.03
insurance cash value, 3290.02
international divorce, 980.03, 4020.05, 4190.01, 4670.01, 4670.07, 5040.04, 5040.05, 5070.03
Nevada, 2860.03, 2860.05, 5580.04
offshore trusts and foundations, 230.09, 2120.07, 3130.03, 3190.04
Pfannenstiehl case, 1760.03, 5460.04
planner's role, 960.03, 990.03, 5310.04, 5310.05, 5340.03
planning against, 120.05, 2910.04, 2920.07
property division, 430.02, 430.03, 430.05, 910.01, 910.02, 910.03, 910.04, 910.05, 920.01, 1670.06
restraining orders, 960.02, 3890.01
retirement assets, 1370.01, 1370.02, 1370.03
Riechers case, 430.05, 3550.09, 5120.09, 5580.02
self-settled trusts, 920.01, 920.02, 920.03, 1830.03, 1860.06
SLATs, 1780.06
spousal gifts, 1150.02, 2030.03, 2030.05
third-party trusts, 930.01, 930.02, 930.03, 930.04
transfers in contemplation of, 960.01, 960.02, 960.03, 5290.01
trust distributions, 930.03, 1760.02, 1760.04, 1760.05
Wyoming, 2640.09
See also Marital property regimes; Spouses
D&O insurance. See Directors and officers; Directors' and officers' insurance
Domestic asset protection trusts, 1820.02, 2180.03, 2880.05, 3660.08, 4980.03, 5050.05, 5460.09
adviser protection, 5350.03, 5570.03
Alaska, 2870.05, 2870.06, 2870.07, 2870.08, 3530.07, 3560.03
bankruptcy, in, 220.13, 460.03, 660.03, 840.02, 890.04, 1850.01, 1850.02, 1850.03, 1850.04
conflict of laws, 1840, 1840.06, 2740.01, 2740.04, 2740.05, 2740.07, 3501.01, 3530.07, 4810.06, 4850.06, 5530.01, 5530.07
creditor's other theories, 1860.01, 1860.03, 1860.04, 1880.07
criminal forfeiture and Bank Secrecy Act, 4560.04, 4560.07, 4570.01
Dahl case, 1830.03
Delaware, 2720.01, 2720.02, 2720.05, 2720.06, 2730.01, 2730.02, 2730.03, 3540.10, C40.01, C40.02, C40.03, C40.04, C40.05
design and administration, 1880.01, 1880.05, 1880.07, 1880.08, 1890.03, G40.03
exception creditors, 120.05, 210.04, 210.05, 430.06, 920.02, 1820.05, 1830.01, 1830.03, 1860.05, 2730.05, B30.01
exclusive jurisdiction clauses, 1840.04, 2870.06, 3560.03, 5530.06
exclusive remedy provisions, 1820.04, 3540.10
full faith and credit, 1840.05, 3550.08, 3560.02, 3560.08, 4170.05
Huber case, 1840.02, 5160.06, 5530.03
hybrid structures, 1870, 2380.02, 2780.04, 2940.02
Klabacka case, 5580.04
limitation periods, 540.05, 1830.01, 1830.02, B30.01
migration, 2780.03, 2780.04, 2960.05, 5020.07
Mortensen case, 460.03, 1850.02, 5170.07, 5250.03, 5260.04, 5280.03, 5530.04
Nevada, 2860.01, 2860.02, 2860.03, 2860.05, C50.02
New Hampshire, 2880.03
nonresident settlors, 130.08, 140.06, 230.02, 230.08, 240.03, 530.02, 650.02, 650.05, 2180.04, 2680.02, 2680.06, 2740.04, 2780.01, 2780.02, 3501.01, 3530.07, 3530.09, 3540.04, 5220.03, 5530.03, 5530.07, B30.04
non-U.S. settlors, 4430.06, 4430.09, 5020.06, 5080.05
offshore trusts compared, 1870.06, 2110.03, 2930.01, 2930.02, 2930.03, 4170.05
Ohio, 2880.01
qualified trustees, 1820.02, 1880.02, 2720.03, 5430.03, 5480.05
retained interests and powers, 1820.03, 1860.04, 1880.03, 2620.04, 2720.06, 2720.07
Sessions case, 1860.02
settlor as investment adviser, 2620.07, 2720.04, 2750.04
solvency affidavits, 1830.04, 1880.05, 2620.05, 5260.01, 5260.05
South Dakota, 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.03, 2870.04
standard of proof, 650.03, 1830.01
states compared, 1820.01, 1830.01, 1830.05, 2880.05, 2890.02, B30.01
tax treatment and reporting, 1880.06, 4220.04, 4240.05, 4250.02, 4280.03, 4310.09, 4380.03, 4640.08, B30.02
Tennessee, 2880.02
Threat Matrix ratings, 240.01, 240.03, 240.05, 240.07, 1890.01
Toni 1 Trust case, 1840.04, 4810.06
Utah, 2880.04
UVTA § 10, and, 3540.04, 3540.09
Wyoming, 2620.01, 2620.02, 2620.05, 2620.06, 2630.01, 2630.02, 2701.03, 2790.03, C50.01
Domestic trusts
treated as foreign for reporting, 4310.09
Domicile
annuity protection lost, 1250.05
bankruptcy timing, 1210.02, 1280.01
change for tax reasons, 450.07
change of, 1280.01, 1280.03, 2910.02, 2930.07
home-state classification, 2910.02, 2920.05
moving abroad, 1280.03
moving to Wyoming, 2680.07
Duress clauses, 1930.01, 3030.01, 3030.05, 3030.06, E30.01
added after claim, 2980.02, 3940.02, 3970.04
Anderson case, 140.03, 3030.02, 3940.01, 3970.04, 5410.07, 5520.03, E20.02
Belize, 2440.04
contempt, 1930.03, 2980.02, 3660.03, 3660.04, 5550.05
Cook Islands, 2240.03
domestic trusts, 1930.04
drafting, 3030.05, 3030.06, 3090.03, A40.06, E20.02
freezing orders, 3880.02
impossibility defense, E20.02
investment authority, 3420.04, 3490.05
Lawrence case, 3030.03, 5460.02, 5510.02
limits, 140.04, 340.03, E01.02
Nevis, 2340.04, 3030.02, 3960.09, 4060.06, B10.01
recognition by governing law, 2120.04
repatriation orders, 1070.03
trustee's response, 340.10, 3660.07, 4010.05, 4080.04, 5520.01
See also Contempt; Flight clauses; Impossibility defense
Dynasty trusts, 1701.03, 1770.01
Delaware tax trap, 1770.06
flexibility, 1770.06
funding, 2040.06, 4680.03, 5130.08
GST exemption, 1770.03
policy risk, 1770.07
protection across generations, 1770.04
rule against perpetuities, 1770.02
situs and state income tax, 1770.05
Threat Matrix ratings, 1790.01
Wyoming, 2610.08
E
Economic substance
Belize, 2460.03
Economic substance doctrine
micro-captives, 4770.02
Elderly clients
joint title with children, 1170.03
Employment claims
Fair Labor Standards Act, 1440.04
household employees, 1420.05
insurance, 1440.04
operational control, 1580.01
personal liability of owners, 1440.04
Enforcement of judgments abroad. See Foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement
Engagement letters, 350.03, 5301.01, 5330.01
as evidence, 5301.02, 5330.07, 5340.04
checklist, 5390.03
client representations, 5301.03, 5330.02, 5440.07
continuing obligations, 4480.08, 5320.07, 5380.06, E80.02, F30.02, F30.03
indemnities, 5330.05
model forms, 350.10, E80.01, E80.02, E80.03, F30.01, F30.02, F30.03
not assisting fraud, 5320.03
privilege, 3750.05, 3780.02, 5301.02, 5340.04, F30.01
scope, 5320.01, 5320.02, 5320.05, 5320.06, E80.01, F30.02, F30.03
statement of purpose, 710.04
termination, 5380.06
tone and language, 5330.07, 5370.04
written requirement, 5320.04
Engagement protocol
client with claim, 350.12
closing, 350.11
declining and withdrawing, 350.06
governing question, 350.08
ongoing engagements, 350.09
purpose, 350.01
steps before transfer, 350.02
summary table, 350.13
training and supervision, 350.14
warning signs, 350.05
See also Intake
England and Wales
bankers' books inspection, 3840.06
bankruptcy offences, 4550.07
contempt, 3960.01, 3960.02, 3960.03, 3960.04, 3960.06
digital assets, 4910.07, 4910.09, 4940.05
family provision claims, 5060.05
foreign insolvency judgments, 880.03
foreign judgments, 3560.05, 4110.01, 4110.02, 4110.04, 4110.06
freezing orders, 3350.02, 3350.03, 3350.04, 3460.01, 3460.02, 3460.03, 3801.03, 3810.01, 3810.02, 3810.03, 3810.04, 3810.05
freezing orders in aid of foreign proceedings, 3830.01, 3830.02
Hague Trusts Convention, 3520.08, 3520.09
Insolvency Act 1986, s. 423, 610.07, 680.01, 4550.07
Norwich Pharmacal orders, 3840.01, 3840.02, 3840.03
protective trusts, 130.02, 1710.02, E10.04
Pugachev case, 5410.04
sanctions control test, 4540.05, 4540.06
sham and bare trusts, 3330.04
Statute of Elizabeth, 610.02, 610.05, 610.06
third-party debt orders, 3410.06
Twyne's case, 610.03
veil piercing, 3330.05
Enterprise liability
defense against, 1540.02, 1540.03
horizontal piercing, 1540.01
rejection in Texas, 1540.02
Walkovszky case, 1530.03
Entertainers and athletes
exposure, 5170.04
Entireties property. See Tenancy by the entirety
Entities, 1501.02
checklist, 1590.02
choice of entity, 1510.02, 1520, 1520.01, 1520.05, 4710.05
entity as client, 5310.07
existing businesses, 1520.07
failed plans, 5540.01
foreign entities, 1520.06
formalities, 1570, 1570.01, 1570.02, 1570.03, 1570.04, 1570.06, 1590.03, 5420.04, 5420.08
freezing orders, 3880.03
good standing, 1570.05, 5420.05, 5420.06, G40.01
inside and outside liability, 1510.01, 1510.03, 1510.05, 4710.02
insurance, 5470.02
layered structures, 2950.03, 4710.01
limits of protection, 410.07, 1501.03, 1580.01, 1580.02, 1580.05, 1590.04, 5110.05
location under UVTA § 10, 3540.03, 3580.07
new businesses, 5460.06
origins, 130.04
risk segregation, 470.02, 1560, 5170.02, 5170.07
separateness, 3330.05, 3390.01, 4730.04
single employer, WARN Act, 4760.05
tax classification, 3080.06, 3160.01, 3180.05, 3380.01, 4260.01, 4260.04
Threat Matrix ratings, 1501.04, 1590.01
trusts, combined with, 1590.03, 1670.05, 1680.05, 4260.04, 4280.04
Wyoming, 2670.03
Environmental liability
CERCLA, 440.03, 1540.03, 1580.01
claim arises at release, 510.05
planning, 440.03
Equipment
affiliate leases, 4730.07
Equitable subordination
insider claims, 4740.04
Equity compensation
creditor exposure, 1350.06
Equity stripping
attachment and perfection, 4740.02
friendly liens, 4740.01, 4740.05, 4840.02
insider preferences, 4740.03, 4740.05
real estate, 2270.02, 4840.01, 4840.05
third-party lenders, 4840.03, 4840.04, 4840.05
Threat Matrix ratings, 240.06
timing, 4790.02
See also Real estate
ERISA
anti-alienation rule, 1310.01, 1310.03
controlled group, 4730.06, 4760.06
fiduciary liability, 1310.09, 5140.07
Guidry case, 1310.03
Patterson case, 1310.02
qualified joint and survivor annuity, 1370.03
Errors and omissions insurance. See Professional liability insurance
Estate tax, 4201.03
§ 2036 inclusion, 2040.04, 2060.03, 2720.08, 2770.05, 4240.01, 4860.06, 5010.06, 5010.08, 5440.05
basic exclusion amount, 2070.01
basis adjustment, 1740.03, 1920.05, 4960.05
creditor access, 4240.03, 4240.04, 4240.05
cross-border planning, 5050.01, 5080.01
distribution standards, 1720.06, 1740.02
domestic asset protection trusts, 1870.04, 1880.06
family partnerships, 1670.03
implied understanding with trustee, 4240.02, 4240.03, 4240.04, 4240.06
non-citizen spouse, 1150.06, 1180.05
nonresident aliens, 4850.02, 4850.06, 5010.01, 5010.02, 5010.08, 5090.02
offshore trusts, 2170.04
private trust companies, 1960.03
protectors, 4240.06
reciprocal trusts, 1780.04
state estate and inheritance taxes, 2070.06
tax reimbursement clauses, 4210.05, 4240.02, E60.04
treaties, 5010.04
trustee removal powers, 1740.02
Ethics
ABA Formal Opinion 491, 3620.08
advocate-witness rule, Rule 3.7, 3750.02
assisting fraudulent transfers, 3730.08
ex parte disclosure, Rule 3.3(d), 3620.08, 3650.05
Model Rule 1.16(a) inquiry and withdrawal, 3620.08, 3620.09
Model Rule 1.2(d), 3601.03, 3620.08, 3620.09
obstruction of evidence, Rule 3.4(a), 3620.08
See also Professional responsibility
European Account Preservation Order
account information, 3860.05
European Union
2024 anti-money-laundering package, 4440.03, 4450.02
account preservation order, 3860.05
beneficial-ownership registers, 230.10, 3870.03, 4440.02, 4440.03, 4450.01, 4450.02
DAC6, 4420.09
Matrimonial Property Regulation, 5040.03
provisional measures, 3860.04
sanctions, 4540.07
Succession Regulation, 5030.03
WM and Sovim case, 4440.02
Events of duress. See Duress clauses
Evidence preservation
deleted messages example, 3620.09
duty to preserve, 3620.04
individual clients, 3620.05
planning file, 3780.05
written instructions, 3620.05, 3620.09
Zubulake case, 3620.04
Exception creditors, 1701.03
child support and alimony, 1730.01, 1730.02, 2610.03, 2630.03, 2640.06, E10.01, E60.03
estate inclusion, 4240.05
government claims, 1730.04, 1730.05
lenders shown trust property, 2630.03
Nevada, 2860.03
New Hampshire, 2880.03
Ohio, 2880.01
Shelley case, 1730.02
South Dakota, 2870.03
spouses married before transfer, 2730.05, 2730.06
state survey, 1730.06
Tennessee, 2880.02
tort creditors, 1730.03, 2730.05, 2730.10
Uniform Trust Code, 1730.01, 2710.03
Wyoming, 2610.03, 2630.03, 2640.06
See also Domestic asset protection trusts; Spendthrift trusts
Excessive Fines Clause
§ 6677 penalties, 4310.07
Exculpation
officers, 5140.05
Executive entities
Bahamas, 3180.04
Executives
clawbacks, 5140.02, 5140.03, 5140.04
D&O insurance, 5140.06
ERISA fiduciary liability, 5140.07
exposure, 5140.01
FCPA exposure, 5140.08
planning checklist, 5140.08
profile overview, 5101.01
regulatory and criminal exposure, 5140.08
Sripetch, effect on, 5130.03
Exemption planning. See Conversion of non-exempt assets
Exemptions, 1201.02, 1201.03, 1201.05, 1210.01
730-day domicile rule, 1210.02, 1280.01, 3260.07, D01.04, D70.01
annuities, 1250.01, 1250.02, 1250.03, 1250.04, 1250.05
bankruptcy, in, 130.03, 1210.02, 1210.07, 1240.02, 1250.02, 1260.01, 1260.05, D10.01
change of domicile, 1210.08, 1280.01, 1280.02, 1280.03, 5460.05
conversion of non-exempt assets, 140.02, 220.06, 220.07, 1270.01, 1270.02, 1270.03, 1270.04, 1270.05, 1270.06, 3260.03, 3270.03, 3670.05, 3670.06, 3670.08, 5250.05, D10.03, D30.02
Delaware, 1210.06
digital assets, 4950.02
exception creditors, 210.06, 450.01, 1210.03, 5110.05, 5250.06
Florida, 2880.06, 3260.02, 3260.03, 3670.06
foreign-issued policies, 3260.01, 3260.02, 3260.04, 3260.05, 3260.06
history, 130.03
homestead, 1220.01, 1220.02, 1220.03, 1220.04, 1220.05, 1220.06, 1220.07, 1220.08, 1220.09, 1220.10, 1220.11
Law v. Siegel case, 1210.07
life insurance, 1240.01, 1240.02, 1240.03, 1240.04, 1240.05, 1240.06, 1240.07, 1240.08, 3260, 4270.05, D30.01, D30.02
LLC interests, 1660.04
New York, 3260.05
other categories, 1260.01, 1260.03, 1260.04, 1260.05
planning, role in, 1290.02, 1290.03, 1290.04, 2950.02, 3080.03, 3640.02, 4760.02, 5280.04, A10.04, A10.05
retirement assets, 4770.06, D40.01, D40.02
solvency analysis, 180.02, 730.03, 2020.02, 5230.07, 5250.01, 5250.04, F20.07
Texas, 3260.04
Threat Matrix ratings, 1290.01
Tveten and Hanson cases, 3670.05
voidable-transactions law, 770.02, 1210.05, 1270.04
wages, 1230.01, 1230.02, 1230.03, 1230.04, 1230.05, 1230.06
Wyoming, 1210.06
See also Conversion of non-exempt assets; Homestead; Retirement assets
Exit tax, 4601.03
certification test, 4620.02, 4620.05, 4680.01, 4680.04
covered expatriate tests, 4620.01, 4620.04, 4620.06
deferral election and security, 4630.05, 4680.04
double taxation, 4630.06
dual-citizen and minor exceptions, 4620.03, 4620.05
excluded and deferred items, 4640.01, 4640.02, 4640.03
exclusion amount, 4630.01, G01.05
Form 8854, 4630.07
grantor trusts, 4630.03, 4680.04
long-term residents' basis, 4630.04
mark-to-market deemed sale, 4630.01, 4630.02
nongrantor trusts, 4640.04, 4640.05, 4640.06, 4640.07, 4680.05
planning sequence, 4680.01
protective trusts, 4640.06, 4680.04
section 2801 tax, 4650.01, 4650.05
spouses, 4620.07
See also Expatriation; Section 2801 tax
Expatriation, 4601.03
asset protection, relevance to, 230.08, 4601.02, 4670.05, 5050.06
covered expatriates, 4301.02, 4620.01, G01.05
creditors, debts survive, 4601.02, 4670.01, 4670.04, 4670.07
gifts to United States family, 4650.07
immigration consequences, 4660.01, 4660.02, 4660.03, 4660.04, 4660.05
jurisdiction and contempt after, 4670.02, 4670.06
long-term residents, 4610.06, 4690.02
loss of nationality, 4610.01, 4610.02, 4610.03, 4610.04, 4610.05, 4610.07, 4610.08
mark-to-market tax, 4630.01
planning sequence, 4680.01, 4680.03, 4680.06
reporting after, 4480.06, 4680.05
transfers before, 4670.03, 4680.02
See also Exit tax
F
Failed plans
biased sample, 5501.02
checklist, 5590.04
late transfers, 5510.01, 5510.02, 5510.03, 5510.04, 5510.05, 5510.06, 5510.07
patterns table, 5590.01
recurring facts, 5501.03
scope, 5501.01
visible at intake, 5201.02
See also Successful plans
False Claims Act
exposure, 1050.02
limitation periods, 5110.04
nondischargeability, 5120.07
penalties, 5120.05
physicians, 5120.01
retained overpayments, 5120.06
Family businesses
insured-versus-insured exclusion, 1440.03
Family limited partnerships, 1670.01
contribution as transfer, 2060.02
design, 2060.04
divorce, 1670.06
funding, 1670.04
gift programs, 2060.01
layered structures, 3310.04
protective features, 1670.02
section 2036, 1670.03, 2060.03
senior generation's creditors, 1670.05
Strangi case, 2060.03
Threat Matrix ratings, 1690.01
Family offices
role with trusts, 1960.05
FATCA
accidental Americans, 5050.07
Cook Islands, 2280.03
effect on planning, 2170.03, 4401.06, 4480.01
financial institution status, 4410.03, 4410.04, 4410.08, 4410.10, 4430.08
information exchange, 1080.01
information reported, 180.05, 3490.03, 4410.01, 4410.05, 4430.01, 4430.08, G60.01
insurance, 3240.06
intergovernmental agreements, 450.08, 2150.03, 4410.05, 4410.06
jurisdictions compared, B60.02
non-financial foreign entities, 4410.02
private creditors' access, 230.10
self-certification forms, 4430.09
Switzerland, 2560.03, 2570.07, 4410.09
trustee-documented trusts, 4410.07, 4410.10
withholding and FFI agreements, 4410.01
FBAR, 4320.01
criminal penalties, 330.05, 4360.06
due date, 4320.04, 4380.01, 5450.02, 5450.04, G10.01, G10.04
expatriation certification, 4620.02
financial interest, 3240.04, 3240.07, 4320.02, 4320.03
Form 8938 and FATCA reports, 4330.06, 4480.03
limitation periods, 4320.05
penalties, 110.05, 2170.03, 4320.05, 4320.06, 4360.02, B60.01, G01.05, G30.01
reportable accounts, 2570.07, 3170.03, 3240.04, 3240.07, 4320.09, 4960.02
sharing with law enforcement, 4320.10
signature authority, 4320.03, 4320.10
who must file, 4320.01, 4380.03, 5050.04, G10.04
willfulness, 4320.07
See also Form 8938; Tax reporting
FDCPA. See Federal Debt Collection Procedures Act
Federal Debt Collection Procedures Act
exemptions, 1210.03
False Claims Act, 1050.02
limitation periods, 450.05
restitution, 1060.05
voidable transfers, 450.05
Federal income tax
claim arises at year end, 510.05
Federal tax liens
arising and priority, 450.01
beneficiary interests, 240.03
collection period, 210.06, 220.13, 450.02
DAPTs, 1860.05
LLC interests, 1690.02
nominee and alter-ego liens, 1550.05, 3330.01, 3330.02, 3330.03
spendthrift trusts, 450.01, 1730.04
tenancy by the entirety, 130.05, 210.06, 240.03, 450.01
See also IRS
Federal Trade Commission
§ 13(b) authority after AMG, 3920.02, 3990.01
Affordable Media, 3650.04
AmeriDebt, 2360.03
AMG decision, 1030.01
Anderson litigation, 2250.02
asset freezes, 3850.11
asset freezes and AMG Capital, 3650.04
asset freezes and receiverships, 1030.02
Rensin, 2450.01
Fees, 5301.01
as transfers, 5360.01, 5360.07
bankruptcy review, 310.09, 320.03, 5360.04, 5390.01
engagement terms, 5390.03
fee arrangements, 310.09, 5360.06
retainers, 5360.02, 5360.03, F30.02
tainted funds, 5360.05, F30.03
third-party payors, 310.09, 320.03, 5310.06, 5310.07, 5310.08
Fiduciary duties
dominant stockholders, 4740.04
Fiduciary exception
trustees, 3720.05
Fifth Amendment. See Self-incrimination privilege
Financial Action Task Force
asset protection as legitimate purpose, 4501.03
beneficial owner concept in CRS, 4420.06
beneficial ownership, 3440.04
letters of wishes guidance, 4450.06
mutual evaluation of United States, 4560.06
political uncertainty, 5070.05
Recommendation 10, 4510.01
Recommendation 12, 4530.01
Recommendation 22, 4510.01
Recommendations 24 and 25, 4401.03, 4440.01, 4450.08, 4510.02, 4510.04
source of wealth, 4520.01
FinCEN
beneficial ownership rules, 4460.02, 4460.03
geographic targeting orders, 4460.07, 4870.02
investment adviser rule, 4560.05
residential real estate rule, 4460.06, 4460.07, 4870.01
SAR confidentiality, 4550.05
section 314 requests, 4560.07
See also Bank Secrecy Act; Corporate Transparency Act
Firewall statutes, 2120.03, 3550.07, 3560.06, 4050.01, 5001.02
Belize, 3520.09, 3560.06, 3590.05, 4050.05
Bermuda, 2830.06, 2830.08, 3560.06, 4050.04
British Virgin Islands, 2840.01, 2840.02
Cayman Islands, 2830.02, 3550.07, 3560.06, 3570.06, 4050.03
comparison table, 4050.08
Cook Islands, 2230.04, 3560.06, 3560.08, 3570.05, 4050.07
forced heirship, 5030.01, 5030.05
foreign freezing orders, 3830.06, 3830.07
Guernsey, 2810.07
insolvency claims, 2830.06, 2830.08
Isle of Man, 2820.01
Jersey, 2810.02, 3550.07, 3550.09, 3560.06, 4050.02
marital claims, 5040.04, 5040.05
recognition of creditor judgments, 4140.01, 4140.05, 4140.06
Seychelles, 2840.09
See also Forced heirship; Foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement
Firewalls. See Firewall statutes
First-time abatement
information return penalties, 4360.07
Flee clauses. See Flight clauses
Flight clauses, 1930.02, 3020.01, 3020.04, 3020.05, 3020.06, 3020.07
Brennan case, 3020.05, 5510.04
change of governing law, 1930.02, 2150.02, 3020.03, 3020.05, 3020.06, 3020.07, E30.02
Cook Islands, 2210.06, 3020.03
domestic trusts, 4170.05
freezing orders, 3880.02
limits after claims, 3020.07, 3660.07
Nevis, 2340.05
relocation of assets, E30.03
tax classification, 4250.02, 4290.03
See also Duress clauses; Migration of trusts
Florida, 2880.06
529 plans, 2040.02
aiding and abetting, 320.02, 5270.04, 5350.01, 5570.03
aircraft owner liability, 5170.02
charging orders, 1620.01, 1630.01, 4830.02, C50.05
community property, 1130.05, 5040.02, 5040.05
confidentiality exception, 310.14
conversion statute, 1270.03, 1270.06, 3260.03, 3260.07
Corporate Transparency Act, 4460.05, 4460.08
crime-fraud exception, 3730.06, 5340.03
decanting, 1940.01
disclaimers, 5180.06
documentary stamp tax, 4830.05, 4860.04
duress provisions, 140.04
foreign ownership restrictions, 4850.03, 4870.04
future creditors, 530.02
going bare, 1430.06
homestead, 130.03, 140.02, 220.07, 240.09, 1120.11, 1220.01, 1220.03, 1220.09, 1220.11, 3670.06, 4820.01, 4820.06, 4880.06, 5250.05, 5250.06, 5580.03, D20.01
judgment liens and lis pendens, 4810.03, 4810.05, 4810.07
Lawrence case, 870.02
life insurance and annuities, 1240.02, 1240.03, 1250.01, 2540.03, 3260.02, 3260.07, 5580.03, D30.01
limitation periods, 690.02, 4880.03
mechanic's liens, 410.08
Olmstead case, 1630.01, 3340.02
perpetuities, 1770.02
retirement accounts, 1320.03, 1320.05, 1330.04, D40.01
Rogan case, 5440.03
self-settled trusts, 2450.01, 2880.06, 3550.09, 3580.10
single-member LLCs, 240.03, 1620.01, 1630.01, 3340.02, 5420.04, 5540.02, B40.02, C50.05, D50.01, D50.02
spousal lifetime access trusts, 1780.03
tenancy by the entirety, 1120.04, 1120.05, 1120.07, 1120.12, 1190.04, 4820.03, D20.01
UCC Article 12, 4910.05
unauthorized practice of law, 310.06
voidable transfers, 650.07, 4840.02, 4880.02, 4880.05
wage exemption, 1230.02, 1230.05, 1230.06
withdrawal right safe harbor, 1740.04
FLPs. See Family limited partnerships
Forced heirship, 5030.07
asset location, 1180.04, 5090.01, 5090.02
Belize, 2420.02, 2420.09, C70.02
Brazil, 5030.07
Cook Islands, 2230.03
cross-border families, 2110.06, 5001.02, 5460.05
EU Succession Regulation, 970.04, 5030.03, 5080.03
firewall statutes, 430.08, 670.06, 970.04, 2120.03, 2120.07, 2810.02, 2830.02, 2840.01, 3130.03, 3130.04, 3150.04, 5030.05, B10.01, B10.03
forum for claims, 5030.01, 5060.01
Hague Trusts Convention, 5030.04
Islamic law, 5030.07
lifetime transfers, 430.08
Louisiana, 5030.07
Nevis, 2310.04
New York, 5030.06
See also Firewall statutes
Foreign Bank Account Report. See FBAR
Foreign bank account reports. See FBAR
Foreign banks
§ 5318(k) subpoenas, 3430.01, 3430.02, 3430.05
personal jurisdiction, 3430.03
post-judgment discovery, 3430.04
Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act
foreign owners, 4850.02
Foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement, 230.06, 3560.01, 3560.08, 4101.02, 4101.03, 4110.06, 4130.05, 4140.06, 4170.04, 4170.05, 4190.04, 5070.01
arbitral awards, 230.11
asset protection jurisdictions, 2810.02, 2830.02, 2830.06, 2840.01, 2840.09, 3560.05, 4140.01, 4140.02, 4140.03, 4140.04, 4140.05, 4140.06, 4190.02, B10.01, B10.03, B50.01
Belize, 2430.02, 4140.04, C70.02
common-law action on judgment, 4110.01, 4110.05, 4110.06
Cook Islands, 2230.01, 2230.02, 4140.02
fraud defense, 4120.01, 4120.02, 4170.01
freezing orders, 3860.02, 3860.03, 3860.06
Hague conventions, 3560.07, 5070.01
insolvency judgments, 880.03, 2830.08
jurisdiction in the international sense, 4110.02, 4110.03, 4110.04, 4110.06, 4120.06, 4120.07, 4160.04
land abroad, 4850.05
Liechtenstein, 2850.04, 4130.05
matrimonial orders, 980.02, 980.03
multiple and punitive damages, 4120.05, 4120.07
natural justice and public policy, 4120.06
Nevis, 2310.05, 2350.02, 2350.07, 4140.03, C70.01
penal laws, 4120.03
registration statutes, 3570.02, 4130.01, 4130.02
revenue rule, 4120.04, 4170.03
Rubin case, 3560.05
Singapore, 2850.08
sister-state judgments, 1620.05, 1840.05, 2610.06, 2680.03, 2740.05, 3560.02, 3560.08
Switzerland, 2530.01, 2530.02, 2530.03, 2530.05, 4130.03
trust firewall statutes, 230.06, 240.03, 670.06, 2120.05, 3560.06, 3560.08, 4050.01, 4050.06, 4050.07, 4050.08, 4530.06, E20.03
United States courts, in, 230.06, 3560.04, 4170.01, 4170.02, 4170.03, 4170.04, 4670.02
Foreign law, proof of
Rule 44.1, 2140.06
Foreign trusts
§ 684 gain on transfer, 2960.07, 4250.03, 4250.06
classification, 2170.01, 4250.01, 4280.03
domestication, 2170.05, 2280.05, 2310.07, 2370.04, 4250.06, 4280.02, 5020.07
foreign grantors, 5020.01, 5020.04
foreign pensions, 5050.02
foundations classified as, 3160.02, 3160.03, 3160.05
loans and use of property, § 643(i), 4250.05, 5020.03
reporting, § 6048, 2170.07, 4301.03, 4310.01, 4310.02, 4310.03, 4310.04, 4310.08
section 2801 election, 4650.03, 4650.04, 4650.06
settlor's death, 2170.05, 4250.06, 4280.02, 4380.04, 4380.05
throwback rules, 2170.05, 4250.04, 4250.05, 4280.02, 5020.02, 5020.07
transfers of digital assets, 4960.03
United States beneficiary test, 4250.03
See also Offshore trusts
Foreseeable creditors
Butterworth case, 610.06
change in risk, 530.06
eve of venture, 670.07
hazardous ventures, 610.06
Huber case, 530.02
Hurlbert case, 530.02
specificity test, 530.03
Forfeiture
C5 creditor class, 210.06, 210.10
Caplin & Drysdale and Luis cases, 3670.03
civil and criminal, 1060.01
digital assets, 4990.01, 5170.06
foreign judgments, 1080.02
planner's fees, 330.11, 1060.04
pretrial restraint, 450.06, 1060.04
real property, 1220.04, 1220.11, 4890.01
relation back, 450.06, 510.05, 1060.02, 4570.05, 4570.07
substitute assets, 450.06, 1060.03, 1070.02, 4570.05, 4570.07
Form 3520, 4301.05
due dates, 4310.05, 5450.02, G10.01, G10.02, G10.03
event-driven filings, G20.01
first-time abatement, 4360.07
Form 8938 overlap, 4330.03
limitation periods, 4360.03
owner reporting, G10.02, G10.03
penalties, 4310.06, 4360.02, 5450.03, 5450.07, B60.01, G30.01, G30.03
reportable events, 4310.01
Form 3520-A
annual statements, 4310.08
calendar, 4380.01
due dates, 4310.05
owner responsibility, 4310.02
Form 5472
foreign-owned US entities, 4340.06
Form 8858
foreign disregarded entities, 4340.04
Form 8865
foreign partnerships, 4340.02
Form 8938
domestic trusts, 4330.04
due date, 5450.02
insurance and annuity policies, 3240.05, 3240.07
other forms compared, 4330.03, 4330.06
penalties, 4330.05, 4360.02, 5450.03, G30.01
thresholds, 4330.01
Formalities
after claim, 3640.05, 3640.06, 3640.08
annual reports and taxes, 5420.05, 5420.06
annual review, 5480.04, 5490.02, 5490.03, A70.03
decided cases, 5580.01, 5580.04
entities, 5410.01, 5420.02, 5420.03
transactions with owner, 5420.08
trusts, 5410.01
Forms
as evidence, F01.04
list of four forms, F01.01
order of use, F01.02
statutory affidavit forms, F01.03
Formula clauses
Wandry, 2050.02
Forum
arbitration as, 230.11
bankruptcy as, 230.07
combinations of answers, 230.05
creditor's choice of, 230.06
divorce court as, 230.09
reach of law, 230.02
reach over the custodian, 230.03
reach over the debtor, 230.04, 230.08
three questions, 230.01
Forum clauses
trusts, 3580.04
Foundation companies
Cayman Islands, 3180.01
alter ego and sham, 3170.02, 3170.04
Belize, 2460.01, 2460.05, 3140.07
beneficiaries, 3110.02, 3130.02, 3150.03
beneficiaries' creditors, 3110.05, 3140.03, 3150.03, 3190.04
checklist, 3190.05
choice of trust or foundation, 3190.01, 3190.02, 3190.03
comparison grid, B20.03, B20.04
continuance and migration, 3150.05
Cook Islands, 2260.04, 3140.05, 3140.06
firewalls, 3130.03, 3130.04, 3140.05, 3140.07
founder's creditors, 3110.06, 3120.03, 3140.04, 3140.06, 3140.07, 3150.04, 3190.04
founder's reserved rights, 3110.04, 3150.02, 3190.03, B20.04
information rights, 3110.03, 3130.02
Jersey, 3130.01, 3130.02, 3130.03
juridical personality, 3170.01
Liechtenstein, 2850.01, 2850.02, 2850.03, 2850.05, 3110.01, 3110.02, 3110.04, 3110.05, 3110.06, 3110.08
Nevis, 2380.04, 3140.02, 3140.03, 3140.04
Panama, 3120.01, 3120.02, 3120.03, 3120.04, 3120.05
protective statutes, 3140.01, 3140.08
reporting, 3160.05, 3170.03, 4420.06, 4430.07
statutes, spread of, 3101.02
Threat Matrix, 3190.04
U.S. tax, 2850.05, 3160.01, 3160.02, 3160.03, 3160.04, 3160.05, 4690.02, B60.01
Wyoming, 2670.03, 3150.01, 3150.02, 3150.03, 3150.04, 3150.05, 3150.06
crypto and fintech, 5130.08, 5170.06
employment and tax liabilities, 5130.05
guarantees, 5130.06
nondischargeable securities debts, 5130.04
pre-liquidity planning, 5130.08
sale of business, 5460.06
securities enforcement, 5130.02, 5130.03
timing table, 5190.02
France
community of acquisitions, 1180.01, 1180.04
compensatory levy on French assets, 5030.02, 5080.03
fiducie, 5060.03
forced heirship, 5030.02
recognition and taxation of trusts, 5060.03
Fraudulent conveyances. See Voidable transactions
Fraudulent dispositions. See Voidable transactions
Fraudulent transfers. See Voidable transactions
Freezing orders, 3801.05, 3810.08, 3820.04, 3820.08, 3880.07
asset disclosure, 3810.03, 3810.08, 3870.02
assets covered, 740.04, 3350.02, 3350.03, 3810.03, 3820.08
Babanaft and Baltic provisos, 3460.03, 3820.03
breach, 3801.02, 3810.10, 3960.04
British Virgin Islands, 3830.05
Cayman Islands, 3830.06
Chabra jurisdiction, 3820.06
Cook Islands, 2140.03, 2220.03, 2250.01, 2250.03, 3650.08, 3830.07
digital assets, 3840.09, 4910.07, 4920.07, 4940.01, 4940.05
discharge and variation, 3810.03, 3810.06, 3810.08, 3880.03, 3880.05
enforcement abroad, permission for, 3820.05
England and Wales, 3350.02, 3350.03, 3460.01, 3460.03, 3810.03
European Union, 3860.04, 3860.05
full and frank disclosure, 3810.06, 3810.08
good arguable case, 3810.04, 3830.03
government plaintiffs, 440.04, 1030.02, 1040.02, 1080.04, 1860.05, 3850.11, 5130.04
Grupo Mexicano case, 410.05, 3650.03, 3650.08, 3850.01, 3850.02, 3850.03, 3850.04, 3850.05
Jersey, 3830.07
living expenses and legal costs exceptions, 3810.03, 3880.04
matrimonial proceedings, 3490.02
Nevis, 3830.07
New York, 3850.08
origins, 410.05, 3810.01, 3810.02
planning implications, 3801.02, 3880.08, 3890.04, 5460.08, B50.04
relief in aid of foreign proceedings, 3830.01, 3830.02, 3830.03, 3830.04
risk of dissipation, 3810.05, 4670.03
Switzerland, 2570.03, 3860.01, 3860.02
third parties, 3350.04, 3810.03, 3810.05, 3820.03
Threat Matrix, 3890.01, 3890.02, 3890.03
trustee's response, 340.07, 3460.06
trusts, 3460.05, 3820.07, 3880.06
undertakings, 3810.03, 3810.07, 3880.07
United States, 3430.05, 3460.04, 3650.03, 3801.03, 3850.01, 3850.02, 3850.04, 3850.05, 3850.10, 4940.05
worldwide orders, 3460.01, 3460.03, 3801.05, 3820.01, 3820.02
Friendly liens. See Equity stripping
FTC. See Federal Trade Commission
Full faith and credit
DAPT judgments, 1840.04, 1840.05, 1870.06
Delaware trusts, 2701.02, 2740.03, 2740.05
domestic trusts, 130.08, 2110.03
judgments, 3550.08, 3560.02, 3560.03, 3560.08
judgments between states, 230.06
sister-state judgments, 4170.05
Funds in transit
attachment, 3410.05
G
Generation-skipping transfer tax
2026 exemption, G01.05
annual exclusion trusts, 2040.06
dynasty trusts, 1770.03, 1770.07, 2770.06
exemption, 1770.03
grandfathered trusts, 1950.04
separate exempt trusts, 1950.03
Gibraltar
assessment, 2820.06
Brennan case, 5510.04
Chadwick case, 5550.03
comparison grid, B10.03
enforcement of US judgments, 4110.03
partnerships, 3920.02, 3940.07
register of dispositions, 2820.04, 2820.05
solvency condition, 2820.05, 2820.06
trusts, 3920.04
Gift completeness. See Gift tax
Gift tax
§ 2036 retained enjoyment, 5440.05
§ 2702 valuation, 4220.05
alignment with asset protection, 2070.02
annual exclusion, 550.03, 1740.04, 2070.01, G01.05
completed and incomplete gifts, 1880.06, 2170.04, 2650.04, 2720.08, 2770.05, 4220.01, 4220.02, 4220.03, 4220.04, 4220.06
exemption amount, 2070.01, 2070.04, G01.05
expatriation, 4620.04, 4650.01, 4650.02, 4650.05, 4680.01, 4680.02
gift splitting, 2070.01, 2070.05
gifts of entity interests, 1670.04
joint title with children, 1140.03, 1170.03
marital deduction, 1150.01, 2070.01
non-citizen spouses, 1150.01, 1150.06, 4620.07
nonresident aliens, 5010.03, 5010.08
pre-sale transfers, 4780.01, 4780.06
retained powers, 4220.01, 4220.02, 4220.05
returns and adequate disclosure, 2070.05, 4220.06, 4390.04, G20.01
SLATs, 1780.01
tax reimbursement clause, 4210.05
transfers of land, 4860.06
tuition and medical exclusion, 2040.05
See also Estate tax
Gifts, 2001.03
actual intent, 2010.02
adult children, 2040.01
checklist, 2090.03
completing the transfer, 2010.05, 2080.04
constructive fraud, 2010.01
donee liability, 2010.03
donor's bankruptcy, 2010.06
donor's continued use, 2040.04
gift file, 2080.01, 2080.02, 2080.03
late-life transfers, 2060.05
limitation periods, 2010.04, 2010.05
reasonably equivalent value, 720.02, 720.03
serial gifts, 2020.05
solvency analysis, 2020.01, 2020.04
trusts, to, 2040.03
weak point in planning, 2001.02
See also Gift tax; Intrafamily transfers
Going bare
professional liability, 1430.06
Government as creditor
distinguishing features, 1001.02
other federal agencies, 1050.01
planner's position, 1001.03, 1090.01
planning principles, 1090.01
Threat Matrix ratings, 1090.02
See also Forfeiture; Internal Revenue Service; Repatriation orders
Grandchildren
gifts to, 2040.06
Grantor trusts, 4210.06
administrative powers, § 675, 4210.01
adverse and nonadverse parties, 4210.02
beneficiary as owner, § 678, 4210.07
digital assets, 4960.03
entities owned by, 1630.04, 3380.02, 4750.05
exit tax, 4620.04, 4630.03, 4630.05, 4640.06
foreign foundations, 3160.05
foreign grantors, § 672(f), 4210.06, 5020.01, 5020.06
foreign trusts, § 679, 2170.02, 2960.07, 4210.01, 4210.03, 4250.03, 4280.02
income for grantor, § 677, 4210.01, 4210.03
installment sales, 720.02, 2050.02, 4780.05
operative rule, § 671, 4210.01
power to add beneficiaries, 1920.05
power to control beneficial enjoyment, § 674, 4210.01
power to revoke, § 676, 4210.01
reporting, 4210.03, 4330.02, 4330.03, 4330.04, 4410.02, 4410.10, 5450.07, G01.01, G10.02, G10.03
residence gain exclusion, 4860.02
reversionary interests, § 673, 4210.01, 4230.02
self-settled protective trusts, 1880.06, 2770.01, 4210.03, 4280.03, 4290.02, B60.01
substitution power, 2070.03, 4210.04
tax reimbursement clauses, 1780.08, 2660.02, 2710.06, 2770.01, 4210.05, E60.04
toggling status, 4210.07
See also Foreign trusts
GST tax. See Generation-skipping transfer tax
Guarantees
bankruptcy risk, 890.01, 890.03
business owners, 260.03, 1510.03, 1560.05, 1580.04, 4760.01, 4760.02, 5120.08, 5130.01, 5130.06, 5160.01, 5160.02, 5160.03
contingent claims, as, 110.03, 120.04, 210.02, 410.02, 510.03, 720.07, 5130.06, 5160.02, 5240.01, 5460.06
Covey case, 5240.03
intake, identifying at, 340.06, 410.02, 5190.03, 5220.06, 5220.08, 5280.07, 5290.01
negotiation and release, 260.03, 1440.06, 1580.04, 1590.02
Portnoy case, 5220.06, 5510.03
spousal guarantees, 1120.03, 1120.06, 1190.06, 1580.04, 1580.07
valuation in solvency analysis, 120.04, 180.02, 220.11, 410.02, 730.04, 4580.05, 4760.01, 5240.06, 5250.06, F20.07
Xonics case, 5240.02
See also Creditors
Guernsey
assessment, 2810.10
beneficial-ownership register, 4440.08
comparison grid, B10.03
creditors, 2810.09
firewall provisions, 4140.05
foundations, 3130.04, 3130.05, B20.03
reform, 2810.08
reserved powers, 2810.07, 2810.08
trust law, 2810.07
H
Hague Child Support Convention
contracting parties, 430.07
Hague Convention on Matrimonial Property Regimes
parties, 1180.02
Hague Convention on Trusts. See Hague Trusts Convention
Hague Evidence Convention
article 23 declarations, 3760.03
letters of request, 5070.04
optional character, 3760.02
procedures, 3760.03
routes to foreign evidence, 3760.01
Hague Judgments Convention
interim measures excluded, 3860.03
Hague Trusts Convention, 3520.01, 3520.02, C90.01
Akers case, 3520.08
choice of law, arts. 6–10, 3020.02, 3510.03, 3510.09, 3520.03, 3580.01, C90.01
civil-law states, 2780.05, 3190.01, 3520.01, 5060.01, 5060.02
Contracting States, 3020.02, 3520.07, 3520.08, 5060.02, B50.02
drafting for, 3520.09, 3580.01, 5060.06
fiscal matters, art. 19, 3590.03
insolvency, art. 15(e), 3520.05, 3520.08
judgments conventions distinguished, 3560.07
mandatory rules, art. 15, 2510.07, 3520.05, 3550.06, 3590.02, 5030.01, 5030.04, 5040.04, C90.01
preliminary issues excluded, art. 4, 3510.02, 3520.02, 3520.09, 5030.04
public policy, art. 18, 3520.06, 3550.06, 5060.02
recognition, art. 11, 2510.02, 3520.04, 5060.02, C90.01
reserved settlor powers, 3520.02
Switzerland, 670.05, 2120.01, 2510.02, 2510.03, 2510.07, B20.01
Holding companies
BVI layer beneath trust, 3830.07, 3880.08
CRS passive entities, 4420.05, 4430.05
foreign, estate tax, 5010.05, 5010.06, 5010.08
foreign, real estate, 4850.06
nominee, disregarded as, 5010.05, 5010.08
owner-documented FFI status, 4410.08
protective aspects, 5010.07
risk factor, 4530.05
underlying companies, CRS reporting, 4430.05
Homestead, 1220.01, 1220.05, 1220.10, 1280.01, 1280.03
§ 522(o) conversion rule, 130.03, 460.04, 1220.05, 1270.03, 1270.06, 3670.06, 3670.08, 5580.03
§ 522(p) cap, 130.03, 460.04, 1220.05, 1280.01
§ 522(q) misconduct cap, 1220.05
bankruptcy, 890.03, 890.04, 1220.05, 1280.01, 4820.02, 4820.06, C30.01, D10.02, D10.03
change of domicile, 4820.05
conversion of non-exempt assets, 220.07, 4820.01, 4820.02, 4880.06, 5250.05
equitable liens, 1120.11, 1220.03, 1270.06
family and devise restrictions, 1220.09
federal claims, 210.06, 450.03, 1220.04, 1220.11
Florida, 130.03, 140.02, 1120.07, 1220.01, 1220.03, 1220.09, 1220.11, 1270.06, 2880.06, 5460.05
Havoco case, 1220.03, 1270.06, 3670.06, 4820.01, 4820.06, 4880.06, 5250.05
history, 130.03
Massachusetts, 1220.01, 1220.08
Nevada, 1220.01
non-residents, 1280.02, 1280.03
planning, 1220.06, 4880.01, 5440.05
proceeds of sale, 1220.08
requirements, 1220.01, 1220.02, 1220.08
solvency, 730.03, 730.04, 5250.04
state survey, 4820.05, D20.01, D20.02
support claims, 240.03
Texas, 240.03, 1220.01, 1220.03, 1220.05, 1220.09, 1220.10
Threat Matrix ratings, 240.01, 240.03, 1290.01
trusts and entities, held in, 1220.07, 1660.04
Wyoming, 2680.07
See also Exemptions; Tenancy by the entirety
Hong Kong
matrimonial proceedings, 4020.05
Hybrid DAPTs
risks, 1870.04
terminology, 2940.01
Threat Matrix ratings, 1890.01
See also Domestic asset protection trusts; Special power of appointment trusts
Hybrid entities, 3101.03, 3180.01, 3180.02, 3180.03, 3180.04, 3180.05
See also Foundations; STAR trusts; VISTA trusts
I
IDTs. See Irrevocable discretionary trusts
ILITs. See Irrevocable life insurance trusts
Illinois, 480.04
citation proceedings, 5440.03
criminal transfer statute, D60.02
joint tenancy severance, 1140.02
retirement exemptions, 1390.04
self-settled trusts, 240.03, 530.04, 1860.02, 1860.06, 2230.04, 5180.05, 5220.07, 5530.05
Illusory trusts, 3060.04
Imaging orders
electronic devices, 3810.09
Impossibility defense, 3930.01
Anderson case, 1930.03, 5410.07, 5520.03
burden of proof, 140.03, 140.04, 3030.02, 3030.04, 3660.03, 3660.04, 3740.05, 3930.02, 3930.04
digital assets, 3470.07, 3470.08, 4901.02, 4940.02, 4980.04
duress clauses, 2340.04, 2340.05, 3350.07, E20.02, E50.01
England and Wales, 3960.06
Fifth Amendment, 3930.03
good-faith efforts, 2980.03, 3930.04, 3940.04
insurance policies, 3250.08, 3280.02
Lawrence case, 5410.07, 5510.02, 5520.03
lawyer's candor, 310.04
production of trust instrument, 5520.04
repatriation orders, 1070.02
retained control, 140.03, 140.04, 250.01, 250.02, 1860.04, 5401.03, 5520.01, A40.06
self-created impossibility, 140.03, 140.04, 140.05, 870.01, 870.02, 2130.03, 2930.04, 2980.02, 2980.03, 3030.03, 3030.04, 3350.07, 3360.05, 3420.03, 3660.04, 3660.08, 3880.02, 3930.05, 3930.06, 3940.02, 3940.04, 3940.05, 5510.02, 5520.03, 5550.02
support claims, 430.07
trust predating claim, 3930.07, 3940.08, 3970.02
trustee confidentiality, effect, 3760.05
trustee refusal, 2240.03, 2240.04, 3030.06, 3070.06
See also Contempt; Duress clauses
Imputed knowledge
agents and officers, 220.12
Income tax
anticipatory assignment, 4780.02
arm's-length reallocation, 4730.02
basis adjustment, community property, 5040.01
staking rewards, 4930.08
Incomplete gift nongrantor trusts, 2770.04, 2770.06
exit tax, 4640.07
Form 709 reporting, G20.01
New York and California, 2770.04
state income tax, B30.02, B60.01
See also ING trusts
Individual retirement accounts. See IRAs
Ineffective disposition
Webb v. Webb, 5410.05
Information returns. See Tax reporting
Informed consent
matters requiring, 310.08
ING trusts
asset protection, 4230.05
design, 4230.01
no-ruling policy, 4230.03
private letter rulings, 4230.02
protective rating, 4290.02
state responses, 4230.04
structure and tax, 1870.05
See also Incomplete gift nongrantor trusts
Inherited IRAs
accumulation trusts, 1330.01, 1330.02, 1330.05
Clark case, 1330.01
Initial transferees
dominion test, 4040.03
Inside and outside liability
definition, 1510.01
entity forms compared, 1510.02, 1520.01
layered structures, 3310.03, 3310.05
operating businesses, 4701.02
owner's equity, 1510.04
real estate, 4830.01
Insiders
definition, C20.01
Insolvency Act 1986 (England and Wales)
s. 423 transactions defrauding creditors, 610.07
Installment sales
promissory notes to trusts, 720.02
Installment sales to grantor trusts
creditor reaches note, 2050.05
note as weak point, 2050.02
technique, 2050.02
Insurance
bankruptcy, in, 1470.04
business coverages, 1440.01, 1440.04, 1440.05, 1440.06, 4701.03, 4710.01, 4830.01
captive insurance, 1480, 1480.08, 4770.01, 4770.04
claims-made and occurrence coverage, 560.04, 1410.02, 1430.01, 1450.05, 3630.02, 3630.06, 4720.07
creditor's access, 1470.01, 1470.02, 1470.03
DAPT requirements, 1830.04, 1880.05, 2620.05, 5260.02
directors and officers, 1420.06, 1440.02, 1440.03, 5140.06
duty to defend, 1410.03, 1460.01, 1460.06, 3630.03
duty to settle, 120.02, 150.01, 1460.03, 1460.04, 1470.01, 1470.06
entities and trusts as insureds, 1420.03, 1490.03, 1560.03, 1590.02, 5470.02
excess exposure, 3630.05, 5110.03, 5120.03, 5470.04
exclusions, 420.04, 1450, 1450.01, 1450.03, 1450.04, 1450.06, 5470.03
first layer of protection, 160.04, 240.03, 240.04, 420.04, 1401.02, 1490.02, 3630.01, 4710.06, 4720.07, 5110.03, 5120.01, A20.06
insurance wrappers, 2540.01, 3201.01, 4430.07
insurer solvency, 1410.06, 1480.08, 5470.05
limits, 1401.03, 1410.01, 1410.05, 1490.04, 5470.04
loss of coverage, 530.02, 530.06
misrepresentation in application, 1450.05, 1470.05
notice and claims, 260.08, 1450.05, 1460.05, 3610.06, 3630, 3630.02, 3630.06, 3670.08, 5470.06
personal lines, 1420, 1420.01, 1420.02, 1420.04, 1420.05, 1420.07, 1450.06
professional liability, 320.06, 1430, 5150.01, 5470.03, 5470.04
punitive damages, 420.05, 1450.02
reservation of rights and independent counsel, 1460.02, 3630.04
review of coverage, 420.04, 1410.06, 1490.03, 3610.06, 5190.03, 5401.01, 5470.01, 5470.06, 5480.06
Threat Matrix ratings, 240.01, 240.03, 1401.04, 1490.01
umbrella policies, 260.02, 260.06, 1410.01, 1420.02, 5120.09, 5170.01, 5170.07, 5470.02, 5470.03
voidable transfers, and, 710.07, 1410.04, 1470.05, 5240.05
See also Captive insurance; Directors and officers; Insurance wrappers; Life insurance; Professional liability insurance; Umbrella policies
Insurance wrappers, 3201, 3201.01, 3201.02, 3210, 3210.03
absence of decided cases, 3201.04, 3280.06
cost and suitability, 3210.07, 3290.05
creditor protection, carrier's jurisdiction, 3250
federal tax qualification, 3201.01, 3220, 3220.01, 3220.02, 3220.04, 3220.06
foreign carriers, 3210.04, 3210.05, 3260.06
investor control doctrine, 3210.03, 3230, 3280.03, 3420.04
Isle of Man, 3250.06
Liechtenstein, 3250.02, 3250.08
Luxembourg, 3250.04
marketing claims, 3250.01, 3290.05
PPVA uses, 3210.02
private annuities, 3270.04
reporting, 3240.03, 3240.04, 3240.05, 3240.06, 3240.07
state exemption statutes, 3260
Switzerland, 3250.03
Threat Matrix ratings, 3290, 3290.01, 3290.03, 3290.05
trust ownership, 3210.06, 3280.01, 3280.02, 3280.04
voidable transactions, 3201.02, 3270, 3270.02
See also Annuities; Life insurance; Private placement life insurance
Insurers
response to creditor claims, 3270.06
Intake, 5201.01
after a claim arrives, 3610.01, 3610.08
asset inventory, 1290.02, 1301.04, 1410.06, 1490.03, 1690.05, 5210.08, A10.04, A10.05, A10.06
checklists, 570.01, 4590.03, 5110.07, 5190.03, 5210.01, 5290.03
claims inquiry, 180.03, 220.09, 220.10, 220.12, 480.01, 480.05, 520.04, 530.06, 2730.10, 2790.04, 3780.02, 3780.04, 5210.08, 5240.04
client and family, 2910.01, 2990.01, A10.02
client file, 4580.01
engagement protocol, 350.01, 350.02, 350.13, 5210.01, 5210.05
ethics opinions, 5210.06
failed plans, as source of, 5201.02
identity and source of wealth, 4580.02, 4580.03, 4580.04, 5210.07
purposes, 4580.06, 5210.09, A10.03, F40.06, F40.07
questionnaire, 5210.08, F40.01, F40.02, F40.03, F40.04, F40.05, F40.06, F40.07
searches, 180.03, 220.09, 480.02, 4580.07, 5220.08, A20.03, A20.05
solvency, 4580.05
suitability, 1801.03, 1880.01, 2210.07, 2301.05, 2401.05, 2501.05
tax-compliance inquiry, 1020.04
three questions, 5201.03
warning signs, 350.05
Intergovernmental agreements
equity interest definition, 4410.05
Model 1 and Model 2, 4410.06
table of principal jurisdictions, 4410.06
trustee-documented trusts, 4410.07
Internal Revenue Service
collection due process, 1010.02
collection information statements, 1010.03
collection period, 1010.07
collection tools against expatriates, 4670.04
exemptions not binding, 1210.03, 1220.04
foreclosure suits and injunctions, 1010.04
levy, 1010.02, 1220.04, 1310.05, 1310.06
nominee liens, 1010.05, 5440.04
offers in compromise, 1010.02, 1010.03, 1020.02
passport certification, 1010.06
repatriation, 1010.04, 1070.01
tax lien, 1010.01
Threat Matrix ratings, 1090.02
transferee liability, 1010.05
International standing
grid, B60.03
Intrafamily loans
AFR loans, 2050.04
Bolles factors, 2050.04
forgiveness, 2050.05
loan or gift, 2050.04
preferences in bankruptcy, 850.01, 890.02
repayment as preference, 720.06
Intrafamily transfers
between spouses, 2030.01, 2030.02, 2030.05
checklist, 2090.03
scope and overview, 2001.01
Threat Matrix ratings, 2090.01
value as defense, 2050.01
See also Gifts; Intrafamily loans
Investment advisers
anti-money-laundering rule, 4560.05
custody rule, 3470.04
digital asset trusts, 4930.02
discretionary mandate, CRS classification, 4420.04
Investor control doctrine
Christoffersen, 3230.03
consequences of failure, 3220.06
creditor control, and, 3230.03, 3230.04, 3280.03
insurance wrappers, 4270.02
practice, 3230.04
Rev. Rul. 2003-91 safe harbor, 3230.02, 3280.03
Rev. Rul. 2003-92 partnership interests, 3230.02
revenue rulings, 3230.01
Irrevocable discretionary trusts, 2640.01, 2640.02, 2640.03, 2640.04, 2640.05, 2640.06, 2640.07, 2640.08
drafting, 2640.08
other states' courts, in, 2680.04
See also Discretionary trusts; Wyoming
IRS
collection period, 450.02
levy, suit and foreclosure, 450.03
nominee and alter ego levies, 670.03
repatriation orders, § 7402, 450.03
See also Internal Revenue Service
Isle of Man
assessment, 2820.03
beneficial-ownership register, 4440.08
Brennan case, 5560.02, 5570.05
comparison grid, B10.03
creditors, 2820.02
cross-border insolvency, 4160.02
policyholder compensation scheme, 3250.06
trust law and firewall, 2820.01
Italy
recognition of trusts, 5060.05
J
Jersey
anti-money-laundering law, 4510.06, 4550.06
beneficial-ownership register, 4440.08
change of proper law, 3020.04
directions, art. 51, 4030.03, 4030.04, 4030.06
enforcement of U.S. judgments, 4130.02, 4130.05, 4140.05, B50.01
FATCA agreement, 4410.05, 4410.07, 4410.10, 4430.06
firewall, art. 9, 2120.03, 2810.02, 3550.07, 3550.09, 3560.06, 3830.07, 4030.04, 4050.02, 4150.03
forced heirship, 2810.02, 2810.10, 5030.05
foundations, 3130.01, 3130.02, 3130.03, B20.03
freezing orders, 3830.07
Lawrence case, 5510.02
limitation, art. 57, 3520.09
Portnoy case, 710.06, 5220.06, 5440.02, 5510.03
protectors, 3040.02, 3040.03, 4060.02, 4060.05
reserved powers, 2810.03, 3060.01, 5410.02
revocable trust for U.S. beneficiary, 4210.06
sanctions, 4540.08
sham trusts, 2810.05, 3060.03, 5410.02, 5410.03
Joint representation
disclosure agreements, 5310.03, 5310.04, 5310.08
engagement terms, 5390.01
privilege between clients, 5310.02, 5340.03
separate counsel instead, 5310.05
Joint tenancy
creditors, 1140.02
parents and children, 1170.03
severance, 1140.02
survivorship, 1140.02
See also Joint accounts; Tenancy in common
Judgments
claims not created by, 510.06
Jurisdiction comparison grids
currency, B01.04
how to read, B01.03
list of grids, B01.05
purpose, B01.01
seven dimensions, B01.02
See also Jurisdiction selection
Jurisdiction selection, 2101.01, 2101.03
charging-order statutes, 1620.04, 1690.03
client facts, 2910.01, 2910.02, 2910.03, 2910.06, 2920.05
combination of jurisdictions, 2901.02, 2950.01, 3301.01, 3310.06
comparison tables, 2101.02, 2180.02, 2180.05, 2801.03, 2890.01, 2890.02, 2920.02, B01.02, B70.01, B70.02, B70.03
cost and practicalities, 2160.04, 2160.05, 2910.05
courts and forum, 170.04, 2140.01, 2140.02, 2140.04, 2740.08, 2930.06
decision protocol, 2110.04, 2180.01, 2910.07, 2990.01, 2990.02, 2990.03, 2990.04
Delaware, 2701.01, 2740.08, 2790.03
domestic or offshore, 2110.03, 2180.03, 2180.04, 2930.01, 2930.02, 2930.03, 2930.05, 2930.07
dynasty trusts, 1770.05, 1790.03
exit and migration, 2150.07
firewall scope, 4050.08
interim relief exposure, 3890.03
jurisdiction of deposit, 3410.01, 3410.07
local counsel opinions, 2890.05
Nevis or Cook Islands, 2380.06
non-U.S. clients, 2110.06, 2910.08
questions to ask, 2190.03, 2801.05, A40.01, A40.03, B70.02
recognition of judgments, 4190.03, 4190.04
secondary jurisdictions, 2801.01, 2801.02, 2890.04
seven-dimension framework, 2110.01
sources for evaluation, 2110.05
stability and reputation, 2150.01, 2150.02, 2150.03, 2150.05
threat profile, 2110.02, 2190.01, 2910.04, 2920.01, 2920.02, 2920.03, 2920.06, 2920.07, B70.01
voidable-transfer regimes, 680.03
K
Kentucky
domestic asset protection trust statute, 1820.01
Know your customer. See KYC and AML
KYC and AML
Cook Islands, 2280.01, 4510.06
customer due diligence, 3440.02, 4510.01, 4510.02, 4510.03, 4510.07, 4520.03, 4580.02
de-risking, 3440.01
digital assets, 4980.08
enhanced due diligence, 4530.04, 4530.05
intake, 5201.03, 5210.07, 5370.02, 5370.03
Jersey, 4510.06
politically exposed persons, 4530.01, 4530.02, 4530.03, 4530.07, 5170.05
red flags, 5270.01
refusal of settlement, 4510.07
sanctions screening, 1080.04, 4540.01, 4580.07
Switzerland, 3440.03
trustees, 180.04, 340.04, 4010.06, 4080.01, 4450.08, 4480.04, 4501.02, 4510.04
United Kingdom, 4510.05
United States, 3440.02, 4440.09, 4560.01, 4560.02, 4560.03, 4560.04
See also Politically exposed persons; Source of wealth; Suspicious activity reports
L
Laches
voidable transactions, 540.03
Landlords
exposure, 5170.03
Lawyers
Bank Secrecy Act, outside, 4560.06
client funds, 5150.06
defalcation, 5150.02
disclosure obligations, 4550.07
entity shield limits, 4720.05
professional liability, 5150.01
profile overview, 5101.01
supervisory responsibility, 4720.06
trust accounts, 5150.06
See also Planners
Layered plans, 2950.01, 2950.02, 2950.03, 2950.04, 2950.05, 2950.06
consistency among layers, 2950.06
cost of complexity, 2950.08
See also Jurisdiction selection; Layered structures
Layered structures, 3301.01, 3301.03
alter ego and nominee theories, 3301.02, 3330
bankruptcy, 3360
basic stack, 3310.01, 3310.02, 3310.04
checklist and annual review, 3390.04
choice of law for each layer, 3310.06
collapsing transactions, 3370.02, 3370.05
combining tools, 240.04, 240.08
common failures, 3301.03, 3390.03
control-based remedies, 3350.01, 3350.05, 3350.06, 3350.07
design principles, 3390.01
example, 3310.05, 3330.05, 3350.07, 3360.05, 3370.05, 3390.04
inside and outside liability, 3310.03
reverse veil piercing, 3320.02
single-member LLCs, 3340
statement of purpose, 3310.06, 3390.04
tax classification and reporting, 3380.01, 3380.02, 3380.03, 3380.04
Threat Matrix, 3390.02
weakest connection, 3301.02, 3310.05
See also Charging orders; Reverse veil piercing; Single-member LLCs
Letters of wishes, 1980.02, 3050.01, 3050.05, 3050.06
Belize, 2410.08, 2440.01, 3050.02
Delaware, 2710.04
disclosure to beneficiaries, 3050.03
discovery, 1980.02, 2410.08, 3050.04
drafting, 250.08, 1980.02, 3050.05, 3090.05, E50.03
evidence of intent, 710.04
investment views, 3420.04
Jersey, 3050.02
Nevis, 2340.06
non-binding character, 250.08, 5430.05, E50.03
registration of named beneficiaries, 4450.04, 4450.06
review and revision, 3050.06, 5480.05
trustee's discretion, 1720.07
U.S. beneficiary determination, 4250.03
See also Discovery
Liability insurance
DAPT requirement, 2620.05
Liechtenstein, 2850.05, 3110.08
beneficiaries, 3110.02, 3110.03
beneficiaries' creditors, 2850.02, 3110.05
courts, 3170.05
foreign judgments, 2850.04, 3110.08, 4130.05
foundations (Stiftung), 2510.06, 2850.01, 2850.02, 2850.03, 2850.05, 3110.01, 3110.02, 3110.04, 4690.02, B20.03
founder's creditors, 2850.03, 3110.06
information rights, 3110.03, 3170.05
insurance, 2540.03, 2580.06, 3250.02, 3250.08, 3280.06
Life insurance
cash value, 240.06, 730.03, 1240.01, 1240.02, 3290.02
death benefit exclusion, 3220.03, 3220.07
death benefits, 1240.01, 1240.03, 1240.08
estate tax, 1240.05, 1240.07, 5010.06, 5080.02
ownership, 1240.07, 2540.05, 3280.02, 3280.04
policy loans and split-dollar, 1240.06
premiums paid in fraud of creditors, 1240.04, 1240.06, 1270.03
state exemptions survey, D30.01, D30.02
Swiss policies, 2540.01, 2540.02, 2540.03, 2540.05
tax qualification, 3220.01, 3220.02, 3220.03, 4270.01, 4270.05, 4280.04
wrappers, 1240.07, 3201.01, 3210.01
See also Irrevocable life insurance trusts
Limitation periods, 770.02, 5580.06
additions to trust, 2730.09, 2790.02
Alaska, 2870.06
Bahamas, 2840.06
bankruptcy, 540.04
Belize, 3140.07
Bermuda, 2830.07
borrowing statutes, 540.07, 2740.02, 3510.08
Cayman Islands, 2830.03
claims against planners and trustees, 320.07, 540.06, 1430.04, 3780.05, 5370.05
common-law claims, 420.02, 530.04
Cook Islands, 2220.03, 2220.04, 2290.02, 3140.06, 3660.02
criminal restitution, 450.06, 540.04
Delaware, 2710.08, 2730.03, 2740.02
discovery rule, 220.13, 540.02, 1830.02, 2010.04, 2070.05, 2730.03
domestic asset protection trusts, 1830.01, 1830.02, 2880.01, 2880.02, 2880.03, 2880.04, B30.01, C40.02, C50.02
England, 610.07
extinguishment and tolling, 540.03, 3510.08
False Claims Act and SEC, 5110.01, 5110.04, 5130.02
FATF view, 4530.06
forced heirship claims, 5030.06
insider preferences, 720.06, 4740.03
IRS collection period, 450.02
Jersey, 2810.04
jurisdictions compared, 220.13, 540.05, 680.01, 2120.02, 2890.01, 2890.02, B10.01, B10.03
Liechtenstein, 2850.03, 3110.06
Nevada, 2860.02
Nevis, 2320.03, 2320.04, 2350.03, 3140.04
Panama, 3120.03
seasoning, 220.13, 560.01, 560.02, A30.04, A30.05
Seychelles, 2840.09
South Dakota, 2870.02, 2870.04
tax assessment, 2170.07, 4220.06, 4350.02, 4360.03, 4360.09
United States as creditor, 450.05, 540.04, 2010.04, A30.05
voidable transactions, 540.01, 1190.07, 2010.04, 2010.05, 4880.03, A30.05, C20.01
Limited liability
history, 130.04
Limited liability companies
anonymity and reporting, 1160.03, 4340.06, 4430.07, 4460.08
bankruptcy, in, 240.03, 840.04, 890.02, 890.04, 1660.01, 1660.02
Belize, 2460.02
charging orders, 1610.02, 1620.01, 1640.01
choice of entity, 1520.02, 1520.05, B40.02
Cook Islands, 2260.02, 2260.03, 3180.05
digital assets, 4980.05
failed plans, 5540.01, 5540.05
family entities, 2060.04
formalities, 1520.02, 1530.05, 1570.03, 1570.05, 5420.03, 5420.04
freezing orders, 3880.03
inside and outside liability, 260.02, 260.06, 420.06, 1510.01, 1510.02, 1510.03, 1520.01, 4710.02
layered structures, 3080.04, 3080.05, 3310.01, 3310.02, 4730.01
managers, 3070.07, 3080.05, 3310.05, 3350.07
migration, 2970.01, 2970.02, 2970.03, 2970.04, 2970.05
Nevis, 2120.06, 2350.01, 2350.02, 2350.05
offshore LLCs, 2260.06, 2350.05, 2940.06, 2970.07
operating agreements, 1680, 1680.01, E70.01, E70.02, E70.03, E70.04
origins, 130.04
premarital, divorce, 910.04
professional services, 4720.01, 4720.02, 4720.04
real estate, 260.06, 410.07, 1190.04, 1190.06, 1420.03, 1490.03, 4830.06, 4830.07, 4850.01, 4860.01, 4860.06, 4880.07
reverse veil piercing, 1550.03, 1550.04, 4730.05
series LLCs, 1560.07
single-member, 840.04, 890.04, 2670.01, 2670.02, 2670.05, 2760.02, 2760.03, 3340, 3340.06, 4830.02, 5540.02, 5540.03, 5590.04
tax classification, 1520.02, 3380.01, 4260.04
Threat Matrix ratings, 240.01, 240.03
trusts as members, 1680.05, 2670.04, 2760.04
veil piercing, 1530.05, 4710.04, 5420.01, 5420.02
Limited partnerships
agreement drafting, 1680.04
charging orders, 1510.02, 1520.03, D50.01
family limited partnerships, 1670, 2760.06
general partner liability, 1510.02, 1520.03
history, 130.04
nominee liens, 5440.04
operating businesses, 4710.05
valuation, 1520.03
Liquidity events
planning opportunity, 210.14
Listed transactions
micro-captives, 1480.06
Litigation barriers
Belize, 2430.04
creditor's journey, 2130.01
Nevis and Cook Islands compared, 2330.03
procedural, 2130.02
Switzerland, 2530.07
See also Jurisdiction selection
Litigation environment
contingency fees, 120.02, 150.01
joint and several liability, 120.02
punitive damages, 120.02
United States, 120.02
Litigation funding
deterrence weakened, 210.12
Litigation holds. See Evidence preservation
LLCs. See Limited liability companies
Loan covenants
evidence of intent, 410.04
liquidity covenants, 410.04
negative covenants, 410.04
transfers to protective structures, 210.02
Look-back periods. See Limitation periods
Louisiana
direct action, 1470.03
M
Malpractice. See Medical malpractice; Planners' liability
Malpractice insurance. See Professional liability insurance
Mandatory disclosure rules
CRS avoidance arrangements, 4420.08, 4420.09, 4480.05
DAC6, 4420.09
opaque offshore structures, 4420.08
Mareva injunctions. See Freezing orders
Marital agreements
after plan, 5460.03
enforceability, 940.04
international couples, 5040.05
physicians, 5120.09
postnuptial agreements, 2030.05
transfers, as, 2030.03, 2030.05
See also Premarital agreements
Marital property regimes, 1180.01
EU Matrimonial Property Regulation, 1180.02, 5040.03
France, 5040.03
Germany, 5040.05
Hague Convention, 1180.02
protective planning, 5040.04
separate property, 910.02, 910.04, 910.05
structures created during marriage, 910.03
See also Community property
Mark-to-market tax. See Exit tax
Maryland
crime-fraud exception, 5340.08
crime-fraud exception, constructive fraud, 3730.05
self-settled trusts, 4220.03
tenancy by the entirety in bankruptcy, 1120.06
Massachusetts
discretionary interests in divorce, 930.03
discretionary trust interests in divorce, 470.01
divisible property in divorce, 1760.02, 1760.03
divorce and trusts, 5460.04
self-settled trusts, 4220.03
Matrimonial claims. See Divorce
Mauritius
Brennan case, 5510.04
Lawrence case, 5410.07, 5460.02, 5510.02
Lawrence trust, 870.02
trusts, 3940.02
Mechanic's liens
priority, 410.08
MECs. See Modified endowment contracts
Medicaid
estate recovery, 5180.03
fraud judgment, Rogan, 5440.03
interspousal transfers, ethics, 5210.06
look-back period, 5180.02
overpayments, 5120.06
retirees, 5180.01
self-settled trusts, 5180.03
Medical malpractice
contingent liability valuation, 5240.07
frequency studies, 5110.02, 5120.02
noneconomic damages caps, 5120.04
payments above policy limits, 5120.03
specialty claim rates, 5120.02
Texas closed-claim study, 5120.03
Michigan
construction trust funds, 5160.04
Craft case, 1120.05
Nonrecourse Mortgage Loan Act, 5160.03
qualified dispositions trusts, 3540.11
successor liability, 4760.03
Micro-captives. See Captive insurance
Migration of entities, 2970.01, 2970.02, 2970.03, 2970.04, 2970.05
coordination with trust, 2970.07
tax consequences, 2970.06
Migration of trusts, 2901.03, 2960.01, 2960.02, 2960.03, 2960.04, 2960.05, 2960.06, 2990.05
after claim, 340.08, 1930.05, 2980.01, 2980.04, 2980.05, 2980.06, 2980.07
change of trustee, 5460.07
changes in law, 1930.05, 5460.09
Cook Islands, 2210.06
elements of a move, 2960.02
leaving a jurisdiction, 2150.07, 2960.03
receiving jurisdictions, 2960.04
tax consequences, 2960.07
timing, 5460.08
Uniform Trust Code § 108, 1930.02, 1930.05
See also Flight clauses; Migration of entities
Minnesota
unlimited exemption struck down, 1270.02
Mississippi
DAPT grid, B30.01
domestic asset protection trusts, 1830.01
qualified affidavit, 5260.01
spendthrift trusts, tort creditors, 420.08
tort creditors of trust beneficiaries, 1730.03
Model Penal Code
creditor fraud offenses, 330.03
Modified universalism
cross-border insolvency, 4160.03
Money laundering
asset concealment, 5560.01
bankruptcy fraud, 5560.02
federal statutes, 330.05, 760.04, 4570.04, D60.03
planners and advisers, 180.04, 330.05, 330.11, 5350.04, 5360.05
planning distinguished, 110.06
United Kingdom, 4550.01
Mutual legal assistance
confiscation, 4570.01, 4570.07
offshore confidentiality, 4440.08, 4450.07
treaties, 1080.02
N
Natural justice
foreign judgments, 4120.06
Nevada, 2860.05
adviser and trustee protection, 320.02, 5350.03, C50.02
charging orders, 1620.01, 1630.04, 1630.05, 2860.04, B40.02, D50.01
choice of law, 5120.09, 5460.09, 5530.07
criminal transfer statute, D60.01, D60.02
directed trusts, 1910.01
divorce, 430.05, 2860.03, 2860.05
exemptions, 1220.01, 1330.04, D20.01, D30.01, D40.01
ING trusts, 4230.01
Klabacka case, 5580.04
limitation periods, 2860.02, 2860.05, C50.02
limited liability companies, 1520.05, 2970.03, 5510.07
no exception creditors, 430.06, 2860.03, 2860.05
perpetuities, 1770.02
self-settled spendthrift trusts, 1820.01, 1830.01, 1830.04, 1830.05, 2860.01, 2860.02, 2860.03, 2860.05, 3530.09, 3540.11, 4170.05, 4240.06, B30.01, C50.02
single-member LLCs, 1630.04, 1630.05
bankruptcy, 230.07, 460.07, 660.03, 860.04, 880.02, 2310.04, 4160.07
bond to sue, 540.05, 2130.02, 2330.01, 2330.02, 3140.03, 3830.07, 4050.06, 4070.04, B10.01, B50.03, C70.01
Brennan case, 2360.02, 5510.04, 5580.05
charging orders, 3340.03, B10.01, B40.02
confidentiality and registration, 2310.03, 4070.06, 4450.07
constitutional position, 2150.01, 2301.02, 2360.04
courts and case law, 2360.01, 2360.02, 2360.03, 2360.05, 2360.06
creditor proceedings, 2320.05, 2320.06, 2320.08, 2330.03, 2330.04, 2330.05
duress provisions, 2340.04, 3030.02, 3960.09, B10.01, E20.02
fees, 2380.05, 5450.06, G50.01, G50.02
forced heirship, 430.08, 5030.05
foreign judgments, 230.11, 2310.05, 3560.06, 4130.02, 4140.03, 4140.06, 4150.02, 4190.02, B50.01, C70.01, E20.03
fraudulent dispositions, § 26, 540.05, 670.06, 770.04, 2320.01, 2320.02, 2320.05, 2320.07, 4040.08, 4050.06, C70.01
freezing orders and interim relief, 3820.04, 3830.07, B50.04
International Exempt Trust Ordinance, 130.08, 2120.01, 2120.05, 2310.01, 2310.02, 2310.04, 2310.07, C70.01
jurisdictions compared, 2180.02, 2280.06, 2380.06, 2420.05, B10.01, B10.02
limitation periods, 540.05, 690.02, 2320.03, 2320.04, 2350.03, 2390.02, 4140.03, 4140.06, B10.01, C70.01
limited liability companies, 2120.06, 2350.01, 2350.02, 2350.03, 2350.04, 2350.05, 2350.06, 2380.01, 2380.02, 2380.03, 2970.04, 4330.06, 4340.07, 4390.03, 4460.08
migration to, 2340.05, 2960.04, 3020.04, 3920.04
multiform foundations, 2380.04, 3140.02, 3140.03, 3140.04, B20.03
planning checklist, 2350.08, 2390.01, 2390.03
planning files, 5340.07, 5340.09
protectors, 2340.03, 3040.02, 4060.04, 4060.06, 5430.06
qualified foreign trusts, 2310.06, 2380.07
regulation and anti-money laundering, 1080.02, 2370.01, 2370.02, 4510.06, 4530.03, 4550.06
repatriation orders, 1070.02, 3970.07
settlor powers, § 53, 2340.01, 2340.02
suitable clients, 2301.05, 2390.04, 5150.06
support and divorce claims, 430.06, 920.03
tax transparency, 2370.03, B60.02, B60.03, G60.01
taxation, 2370.06, 4280.05, 4630.05
trustees, 340.04, 340.10, 2330.06, 4030.03, 4050.06, 4070.01, 4080.04
New Hampshire
DAPT grid, B30.01
homestead, D20.02
migration into, 2960.07
spendthrift statute, 420.08, 430.06
spendthrift trusts, 1710.02, 1730.03
trust code protection, 2880.03
New York
attachment, 410.05, 3850.07, 3850.08
confessions of judgment, 410.06, 4110.04
elective share, 970.02, 5030.06
engagement letters, 5320.04
false financial statements, 410.03
ING trusts, 1870.05, 4230.04, 4230.05
insurance and annuity exemptions, 1240.02, 1240.03, 1240.04, 1240.06, 1250.01, 1250.05, 3260.05, 3270.06
judgment liens, 4810.03
liability insurance, 420.05, 3630.02
LLC Transparency Act, 4460.08, 4870.04, 5450.05
marital property, 910.02, 910.04, 960.02
professional entities, 1520.04, 1580.06, 4720.02, 4720.07
residency, 450.07
restraining notices, 3460.04, 3850.09
retirement assets, 4770.06
sales tax personal liability, 450.04
self-settled trusts, 620.02, 710.06, 2180.04, 5440.02
separate entity rule, 230.03, 3410.02, 3850.09
shareholder liability for wages, 410.07, 5130.05
successor liability, 4760.03
tort exposure, 420.03, 1450.06, 5170.01, 5170.07
turnover, 230.03, 670.02, 1070.01, 3350.06, 3410.03, 3410.04, 3850.09
UCC Article 12, 4910.05
UFCA and UVTA, 320.02, 630.03, 650.07, 690.02
undercapitalization, 1530.03
New Zealand
Clayton and Cooper cases, 5410.06
Cryptopia case, 4910.08
trustee directions, 4030.06
trusts, Pugachev, 5410.04
Nominee directors
freezing orders, 3820.08
Nominee liens
doctrine, 5401.03
factors, 5440.04
family limited partnerships, 5440.04
federal tax, 1010.05
government claimants, 5490.01
possession and enjoyment, 5440.05
Spotts case, 5440.04
See also Veil piercing
Nominee theory, 3330.01
federal tax liens, 670.03, 1970.02, 3330.02, 3330.05
nominee shareholders and directors, 4420.08, 4480.05, 4530.05
prosecutions of advisors, 330.10
See also Alter ego; Reverse veil piercing
Nominee title
example, 1160.06
IRS, 1160.04
privacy, 1160.01
Threat Matrix ratings, 1190.03
See also Land trusts; Privacy
Nongrantor trusts
exit tax withholding, 4640.04, 4640.05, 4640.06
rental income, 4860.05
residence exclusion lost, 4860.02
Nonqualified deferred compensation
employer's creditors, 1350.01, 1350.03
executive's creditors, 1350.02
Nonresident aliens
estate tax, 5010.01, 5010.02, 5010.08
holding companies, 5010.05, 5010.06, 5010.07, 5010.08
lifetime gifts, 5010.08
situs rules, 5010.02
Non-U.S. clients
jurisdiction selection, 2110.06
Switzerland, 2580.07
US LLC reporting, 4340.06
U.S. property, 1180.03
U.S. retirement accounts, 1380.01
North Carolina
tenancy-by-the-entirety trusts, 1120.09
Norwich Pharmacal orders
asset tracing, 3840.04, 3870.01
British Virgin Islands, 3840.08, 3840.09
conditions, 3840.02
definition, 3801.05
digital assets, 3840.09
offshore practice, 3840.08
principle, 3840.01
proportionality factors, 3840.03
respondents abroad, 3840.07
See also Asset tracing; Bankers Trust orders
O
Obstruction of justice
planners, 330.06
OFAC. See Sanctions
Offer in compromise
Nevis trust, 2360.03
Offshore trusts, 101.03
administration, 3010.07, 3070.02, 3070.04, 3070.05, 3090.06, 3760.05, 3760.07, 5430.02, G50.01, G50.02
after a claim, 3660, 3660.01, 3660.06, 3660.07, 4001.02, 4010.06
bankruptcy, in, 660.03, 710.06, 840.01, 840.02, 850.03, 880.04, 890.04
Belize, 2401.01
contempt, 140.03, 140.04, 140.05, 2140.05, 2930.04, 3901.02, 3970.01
Cook Islands, 2201.01
digital assets, 4930.06, 4980.03
domestic trusts compared, 1870.06, 2110.03, 2930.01, 2930.03, 2950.07
drafting, 3001.01, 3001.02, 3001.03, 3010.01, 3010.02, 3010.04, 3010.05, 3010.06, 3010.08, 3030.05, 3090.01, 3090.02, 3090.03, 3090.04, 3090.05, 3090.06, 3880.08, 4090.03, 5060.06
duress clauses, 1930.01, 2980.02
foreign judgments, non-recognition, 230.06, 240.03, 670.06, 2120.05, 2130.01, 2130.02
fraudulent transfer rules, 540.05, 570.02, 670.06, 2120.02, 3660.02
freezing orders, 3810.05, 3820.04, 3880.05
funding, 2160.02, 2270.06, 2580.02, 3080.01, 3080.02, 3080.03, 3080.06, 3280.01, 3280.06
governing law, 840.02, 3010.03, 3501.01, 3501.03, 3560.08
government claimants, 440.04, 4570.01, 4570.07
Jersey, 710.06
letters of wishes, 1980.02
marital claims, 430.05, 430.07, 920.02, 980.02, 2120.07, 5120.09
Nevis, 2301.01
protectors, 1920.01
rating, 240.01, 240.03, 240.05
reserved powers, 3001.04, 3060.01, 3060.02, 3060.06
secondary jurisdictions, 2801.03, 2890.01, 2890.03
statutes compared, 130.08, 1820.01, 2120.01, B10.01, B10.02, B10.03, B10.04
tax, 2160.07, 2170.02, 4280.02, 4410.04, 4410.10, 4430.08, 4630.05, 4650.06
trustee selection, 3070.01, 3070.07
underlying companies, 2260.03, 2380.01, 2380.02, 2480.07, 2930.05, 2940.06, 3080.04, 3080.05, 3310.01, 3340.06, 3360.04
U.S. assets and fiduciaries, 230.05, 2130.04, 4810.01, 4810.07, 4850.04
See also Foreign trusts; Self-settled trusts
Ohio
criminal transfer statute, D60.02
DAPT grid, B30.01
domestic asset protection trusts, 1810.06, 1830.01, 1830.04
Legacy Trust Act, 2880.01
legal professional associations, 4720.05, 4720.07
solvency affidavit, 5260.01, 5260.06
spousal deed voided, 4880.04
Oklahoma
preservation trusts, 1820.01
Operating agreements
choice of law and forum, 1620.04, 1680.01
executory-contract treatment, 1660.02, 1680.01
forfeiture provisions, 1680.02, 1680.03
limited partnership agreements, 1680.04
Nevis LLC, 2350.06
operation of, 1680.03
protective provisions, 1680.01
provisions to avoid, 1680.02
spousal consent, 1680.01
withdrawal rights, 1680.01
Operating businesses
arm's-length terms with affiliates, 4730.02, 4730.07
capitalization and operations, 4710.06
choice of entity, 4710.05
inside and outside liability, 4701.02
layered structure, 4710.01
limits of entity planning, 4701.03
owner's interest, 4750.01, 4750.05
participation doctrine, 4710.03, 4710.06
separating assets from operations, 4730.01, 4730.07
withheld taxes, personal liability, 4760.04
Outsider reverse piercing. See Reverse veil piercing
P
Panama
assessment, 3120.05
Chadwick case, 5550.03
limitation periods, 3120.03
private interest foundations, 3120.01, 3120.02, 3120.03, 3120.04, 3120.05
separate patrimony, 3120.02
Parent corporations
liability of parent, 1540.03
Participation doctrine
landlords, 4830.01
owners and officers, torts of, 4710.03, 4710.06
threat matrix, 4790.01
Partition
creditors of co-owners, 4830.08
Partnerships
charging orders, 1510.01, 1610.01, 1640.01
CRS classification, 4430.07
general partnerships, 1510.01, 1510.02, 1520.04
limited liability partnerships, 1510.02, 1520.04, 1580.06
rental real estate, 4860.05
Part-sale, part-gift transactions
treatment, 2050.06
Passive foreign investment companies
elections and timing, 4350.04
entities beneath trusts, 4280.04
excess distribution regime, 4260.03
foreign trusts, 2170.06
holding companies, 5010.06
insurance wrappers, 3220.06, 3240.03
protective structures, 4350.03
QEF and mark-to-market elections, 4260.03, 4350.04
Passports
child-support arrears, 430.07
revocation for tax debts, 230.04, 230.08
seriously delinquent tax debt, 4660.04, 5070.02
tax certification, 1010.06
Pauline action. See Jersey
Penal laws
foreign judgments, 4120.03
Penalties
assessability, 4310.07, 4360.08
contesting, 4360.08
information returns, § 6677, 4310.06, 4310.07
information returns, structure, 4360.01
summary table, 4360.02
PEPs. See Politically exposed persons
Personal financial statements
correcting after transfer, 410.03
criminal exposure, 410.03
disclosure of transfers, 560.03
evidence of intent, 410.03
nondischargeability, 410.03
representations to lenders, 210.02
Personal guarantees. See Guarantees
Personal jurisdiction
expatriates, 4670.02
foreign banks, 3430.03
foreign trustees, 4020.01, 4020.02
forum reach over client, 3610.04
individuals, property abroad, 3410.04
nonparty banks, 3850.10
Personal-injury recoveries
exemption, 1260.05
PFICs. See Passive foreign investment companies
Physicians and dentists, 5101.01
captive insurance, 1480.07
exposure, 5120.01, 5120.02, 5120.03
government claims, 5120.05, 5120.06, 5120.07
malpractice insurance, 1410.05, 1430.03, 1430.05, 1470.05, 5110.03, 5470.04
nondischargeable debts, 5120.07
planning checklist, 5120.09, A80.01
practice entities and guarantees, 5120.08
timing table, 5190.02
wealth composition, 5110.06
See also Medical malpractice
Place of administration
designation, 3580.03
accountants on team, 3720.04
defendants, as, 760.05, 5150.04
exposure by timing position, 301.02
fiduciary roles, 5360.07, 5380.07
own planning, 5150.06
separate trial counsel, 3601.03, 3620.09, 3750.02, 3750.04
Shelton test, 3750.03
witnesses, as, 320.08, 760.06, 770.05, 3620.09, 3750, 3750.01, 3750.03, 3750.05, 5320.06, 5340.05, 5570.05
See also Criminal liability; Planners' liability; Professional responsibility
Planners' liability, 320.01
accountants and financial advisors, 320.11
advice after claim arrives, 220.04, 301.02, 2980.06, 3620.08, 3620.09
advising on unsettled law, 240.07
civil liability to creditors, 320.02, 3750.04, 5150.04, 5270.04, 5301.01, 5350.01, 5350.02, 5570.01
claims by clients, 160.08, 320.04, 5150.01
contempt advice, 3970.07
decided cases, 5550.01, 5570.05
defense, 320.10
documenting advice, 1410.06, 1690.04, 1801.03, 2930.07, 2990.04
due diligence, 1040.02, 4580.01
false records, 2080.03
limitation periods, 320.07
opinion letters, 5330.06
planner as witness, 770.05
professional liability insurance, 320.06
promoter referrals, 2160.07
standard of care, 270.05
statutory protection, 2120.08, 2730.08, 5350.03
transferee liability, 320.03
Planning files, 3780.01, 3780.05, 5370.01
bankruptcy trustee, production to, 830.02, 830.04
contemporaneous records, 560.06, 5280.02
contents, 110.02, 350.07, 3780.02, 5370.01, 5370.02
defense evidence, 770.04, 3680.05, 5301.02
defense of planner, 320.10
discovery, 320.09, 320.10, 3790.02, 5280.06, 5340.01, 5340.07
drafting assumptions, 320.05
drafting discipline, 3780.01, 3780.03, 5280.01, 5340.09, 5370.02, 5370.04, A01.03
evidence of intent, 710.04, 710.07, 770.02, 5110.07
evidence of timing, 220.02, 220.09, 3970.02
freezing order defense, 3810.05, 3810.06, 3870.08, 3880.05
intake, 520.02, 5290.03, 5301.03
memoranda, 350.11, 3210.07, 5280.05, 5370.03, 5380.03, 5480.01
ownership, 5370.06
quality of, 150.02
reconstruction, 5280.03
records of transfers, 550.06, 3870.08, 4170.02, 4280.05, 4380.02, 4390.03
retention, 320.07, 350.07, 540.06, 570.02, 3780.05, 5370.05, F30.02, F30.03
security, 5370.07
solvency records, 730.06, 5280.01
what to exclude, 3780.04, 5370.04
See also Engagement letters; Intake
Points of contact
home jurisdiction, 3580.09
Political risk
cross-border families, 5070.05
Politically exposed persons
after leaving office, 4530.02, 4530.07
family members and close associates, 4530.01, 4530.02, 4530.07
family structures, 5070.05
FATF standard, 4530.01
intake, F40.05
offshore centers, 4530.03
public officials, 5170.05
United Kingdom, 4530.02
Powers of appointment
conversion by protector, 1920.05, 1920.06
creditor rights, 1740.03
general and nongeneral, 1701.03, 1740.03
testamentary general power for basis, 1740.03
testamentary, gift completeness, 4220.05, 4230.02
testamentary limited, 250.02
Uniform Powers of Appointment Act, 1740.03
PPLI. See Private placement life insurance
PPVA. See Private placement variable annuities
Prejudgment remedies, 3650.01
asset-freezing injunctions, 3650.03
claim theory, effect, 3610.02
debtor's conduct as evidence, 3650.01, 3650.02, 3650.08
Doehr case, 3650.02
federal asset freezes, 410.05
foreign freezing orders, 3650.08
Grupo Mexicano case, 3650.03, 3650.08
involuntary bankruptcy, 3650.07
receivership, 410.05
statutory enforcement actions, 3650.04
temporary restraining orders, 3650.05
Premarital agreements, 940.04
choice of law and forum, 980.03
Cook Islands relationship property trusts, 2260.05
elective share waiver, 940.03, 970.03
enforceability, 430.04, 940.01, 940.02
England and Wales, 980.03
integration with plan, 120.05, 940.03
retirement plan rights, 1370.03
transfers before marriage, 530.06, 560.04
See also Postnuptial agreements
Prenuptial agreements. See Premarital agreements
Pretexting
bank customer information, 3870.05
Privacy
beneficial-ownership registers, 4440.02, 4440.03
concealment, 1160.05
Norwich Pharmacal proportionality, 3840.03
not protection, 1160.01, 1160.03
public records, 4870.05
seasoning, conflict with, 560.03
secrecy distinguished, 150.03
Private interest foundations. See Panama
Private keys. See Digital assets
Private placement life insurance
definition, 3210.01
diversification, 4270.01
example, 3210.06, 3220.07, 3280.06
FBAR reporting, 4320.09
funding period, 3270.05, 3270.06
investor control, 4270.02
modified endowment contract status, 3210.01, 3220.03
protective value, 1240.07
rating, 240.06
Swiss and Liechtenstein, 2540.03
Private trust companies, 1960.01
advantages and cost, 1960.02, 1960.06
alternatives, 1960.06
asset protection, 1960.04
distribution committees, 2660.04
D&O insurance, 5470.03
family office, 1960.05
layered structures, 3310.04
Notice 2008-63, 1960.03
purpose trust holding, 2440.07
settlor control, 340.11, 3180.06
state statutes, 1960.01
Threat Matrix ratings, 1990.01
U.S. jurisdiction, 340.11
Wyoming, 2660.04
Privilege. See Attorney-client privilege
Privy Council
Belize appeal ended, 2470.01
final appeal, 2130.02, 2140.02, B10.01, B50.03
Nevis, 2360.01
Webb v. Webb, 5410.05
Procedural barriers
offshore litigation, B50.03
Proceeds of crime
Cook Islands, 2230.05
criminal property, 4550.01
digital assets, 4980.08
fraud on creditors, 4501.03, 4570.07
Nevis, 2330.04
restraint orders, 4570.03
Switzerland, 2570.03
tax evasion, 4570.06
trusts, 4010.06, 4570.01, 4570.07
United Kingdom confiscation and tainted gifts, 4570.02
See also Forfeiture; Money laundering
Professional liability insurance, 1430.02
claims-made basis, 1410.02, 1430.01
damage caps, 1430.05
defense within limits, 1410.03, 1430.01
excess layer, 1410.05, 1450.06
financial professionals, 1430.07
going bare, 1430.06
hammer clause, 1430.02
notice of circumstances, 1450.05, 1470.05
regulatory proceedings, 1430.02
risk retention groups, 1480.08
shared limits, 1430.03
tail coverage, 1430.04
Threat Matrix ratings, 1490.01
Professional practices, 4720.01
choice of form, 1520.04
insurance, 4720.07
lawyers, courts' inherent power, 4720.05
own malpractice, 1520.04, 1580.06, 4720.01, 4720.02, 4720.03, 5120.08, 5150.05
supervisory liability, 1520.04, 1580.06, 4720.02, 4720.06, 4720.07
Texas, 4720.03
vicarious liability, 1430.03
Professional responsibility, 310.04
ABA Formal Opinion 463, 5210.03
ABA Formal Opinion 491, 5210.03, 5270.02, 5270.03, 5270.04, 5280.02
ABA Formal Opinion 513, 5210.04, 5280.02
asset protection versus estate planning, 5210.05
candor toward the tribunal, 310.04, 310.14, 5260.07
client identity, 310.13, 5310.06, 5310.07
confidentiality, 310.04, 310.14, 5370.06, 5370.07
conflicts of interest, 310.04, 5360.07
conspiracy liability, 5350.02
duty to inquire, 310.02, 310.05, 5210.03, 5210.04, 5301.03
engagement terms, 310.08, 310.09, 5320.01, 5320.02, 5320.04, 5330.05
knowledge standard, 310.02
lawyer as witness, 320.08, 5320.06
marketing, 310.12
multijurisdictional practice, 310.10
Rule 1.16 2023 amendment, 5210.04, 5301.03, 5370.03, 5380.01, 5570.06
Rule 1.2(d), 310.01, 310.03, 5210.02, 5320.03, 5570.01
state ethics opinions, 310.05, 5210.06
withdrawal, 310.02, 310.14, 350.06, 5370.06, 5380.01, 5380.02, 5380.04
See also Criminal liability; Planners' liability; Withdrawal
Professionals
entities, limits of, 120.03
malpractice exposure, 110.02, 110.03, 120.02, 120.03
physicians, 260.02, 260.05, 480.04, 520.02, 530.02
professional corporations, 420.06
retirement, tail coverage, 560.04
Promoters
§ 6700 penalties, 310.07, 330.04
exposure, 310.07
packaged structures, 2160.07
reliance on, 4360.09
Proprietary injunctions
cryptoassets, 3840.09
Protective trusts
Belize, 2440.02
English type, 3010.06
model clause, E10.04
settlor's own bankruptcy, E10.04
Anderson case, 5430.06
compelled to exercise powers, 3660.03, 3940.01, 4010.01, 4060.05, 5430.06, 5520.03, 5520.06
Cook Islands, 2240.02, 3040.02
Delaware, 2720.04, 2750.02, 3040.02
drafting, 3040.01, 3040.07, 3090.04, 4060.04, 4060.06, 4090.03, 5480.05, E40.01, E40.02, E40.03, E40.04
duress, suspension under, 4060.06, E40.03
exposure, 340.09, 470.03, 2980.05, 3350.04, 4060.01
fiduciary or personal powers, 340.09, 1910.04, 1920.03, 1920.07, 3040.02, 3040.03, 3040.04, 3820.07, 4060.02, 4060.03, 5410.04, E40.04
independence, 340.09, 2940.05, 3040.06, 3970.03, 3990.04, 5430.06, E40.01
migration powers, 2740.08, 2940.02, 2940.03, 2940.05, 2960.06, 4530.07
negative powers, 3030.06, 3040.07, 5520.03, 5520.06, E40.02
powers as control, 3330.04, 3350.07, 3370.03
removal and succession, 1920.07, 3040.03, 4060.01, 4060.05, 5430.06, 5460.02, 5460.07
reporting, 4320.03, 4430.02, 4430.04, 4440.04, 4450.01, 4450.09, 4480.04, 4510.05, 4510.07, 4540.05, 4540.08
settlor as, 140.03, 250.02, 250.07, 920.03, 1070.02, 1930.03, 2240.02, 2550.01, 3040.04, 3040.05, 3040.07, 3940.01, 3970.03, 5180.05, 5410.04, 5410.07
Switzerland, 2580.03
tax effects, 1920.05, 4240.06, 4250.01, 4280.03
Threat Matrix ratings, 1990.01
typical powers, 1740.04, 1740.05, 1870.02, 1870.04, 1920.02, 1920.06, 2070.03
U.S. resident, 2130.04, 3580.09, 3960.09, 3970.03
who should serve, 250.06, 250.07, 310.04, 1920.04, 5360.07, 5380.07
See also Directed trusts; Duress clauses; Flight clauses
PSC register. See Beneficial-ownership registers; United Kingdom
Public officials
disclosure, 5170.05
Public policy exception
choice of law, 3550.01, 3550.02, 3550.03
havens' statutes, 3550.07
judgments, inapplicable, 3550.08
Punitive damages
Cook Islands exclusion, 2220.05
enforcement abroad, 4120.07, 4190.01
most-favorable-jurisdiction endorsements, 1450.02, 1450.06
Nevis LLC exclusion, 2350.02
Swiss recognition, 2530.03
Q
QDROs. See Qualified domestic relations orders; Retirement assets
QDTA. See Qualified Dispositions in Trust Act
QSBS. See Qualified small business stock
QSTs. See Qualified spendthrift trusts
Qualified Dispositions in Trust Act, 2720.01, 2720.02, 2720.03, 2720.05, 2720.06, 2720.07, 2730.01, 2730.02, 2730.03, 2730.04, 2730.05, 2730.07
exclusive jurisdiction, 2730.01, 2740.03
spousal waiver, 2730.06
See also Delaware; Domestic asset protection trusts
Qualified domestic relations orders
family claimants, 1310.05, 1370.01, 1370.04
See also Retirement assets
Qualified domestic trusts
non-citizen spouse, 1150.06
Qualified personal residence trusts
retained occupancy, 4860.06
Qualified small business stock
non-grantor trusts, 5130.08
Qualified spendthrift trusts, 2620.01, 2620.02, 2620.03, 2620.04, 2620.05, 2620.06, 2620.07, 2630.01, 2630.02, 2630.03, 2630.04, 2630.05
irrevocable discretionary trusts compared, 2650.01, 2650.02, 2650.05
See also Domestic asset protection trusts; Wyoming
Quiet disclosure
risks, 4370.05
R
Real estate, 4801.02
co-ownership and partition, 4830.08
environmental liability, 440.03
financing, 4760.01, 4830.06, 4840.04
foreign owners, 4850.02, 4850.03, 4850.04, 4850.06
judgment liens, 850.02, 4810.03, 4810.04, 4810.05, 4810.07, 4880.02, 4880.05, 4880.08
limited liability companies, 1560.02, 1570.04, 1590.02, 4830.01, 4830.02, 4880.07, 5420.04
operating business, 1560.02, 1560.04, 4730.01, 4730.06, 4730.07, 4760.06
out-of-state, 2760.04, 4850.01
planning sequence, 4880.01
registers and privacy, 4440.05, 4440.09, 4450.02, 4450.04, 4450.09, 4480.07, 4801.02, 4870.05
rental properties, 260.06, 5170.03
reporting rules, 4460.06, 4460.07, 4870.01, 4870.02, 4870.03, 4870.05
situs rule, 4810.01, 4810.02, 4810.07
tax, 4630.04, 4690.02, 4830.05, 4860.01, 4860.02, 4860.03, 4860.04, 4860.05, 4860.06
tokenized interests, 4980.06
trust ownership, 1720.06, 1750.03, 1840.06, 1880.04, 2270.02, 2270.06, 5020.03
Reasonable cause
foreign secrecy and trustee reluctance, 4310.06, 4360.05
reliance on advisers, 4360.04, 4360.09
standard, 4360.04
Receivers
enforcement of foreign judgment, 4110.06
entities in a chain, 3370.03
tax enforcement, 1010.04
Recharacterization
insider loans as equity, 4740.04
Recognition of foreign judgments. See Foreign judgments, recognition and enforcement
Records retention
anti-money-laundering periods, 4580.08
FATF standard, 4510.02, 4580.08
offshore periods, 4510.06, 4580.08
table of periods, 4580.08
Recourse carve-outs
enforcement, 5160.02
solvency covenants, 5160.03
unauthorized encumbrances, 4840.04
Red flags
asset protection, 5270.02
FATF guidance, 5270.01
file record, 5370.02
insolvency matters, 5270.01
record of, 5290.03
refusal to provide information, 5270.02, 5270.04
scope of chapter, 5201.01
See also Badges of fraud; KYC and AML
Registered agents
annual review, 5480.04
maintenance, 5420.07, G40.01, G40.02
Norwich Pharmacal orders, 3840.04, 3840.08, 3840.09, 3870.03
offshore entities, 5420.07
required filings, 5420.03
Registered domestic partners
property rights, 1170.04
Regulatory claimants
agencies as creditors, 440.01
asset freezes and repatriation orders, 440.04
criminal investigations, 440.06
disgorgement, restitution and penalties, 440.02
state attorneys general and licensing boards, 440.05
strict and joint liability, 440.03
timing position, 440.01, 440.06
See also Creditors
Relief defendants
regulatory actions, 3370.04
trusts and family members, 1040.02, 1050.01
trusts as, 3370.04
Relocation
before transfer, 650.02
domicile change, 5460.05, 5460.09
evidence of intent, 230.08
protective reasons, 240.09
Remediation
asset protection interaction, 4370.06, 4370.07
choosing a route, 4370.07
creditor claims coordination, 4370.06
government claim priority, 4370.06
Renunciation of citizenship. See Expatriation
Repatriation orders, 5130.08
automatic stay, 2360.02, 3420.05, 3920.04, 5510.04
bankruptcy, in, 460.07, 830.03, 870.01, 3920.02, 3990.01
comity, and, 3570.03, 3570.06, 4110.05
compliance steps, 3970.05, 3990.04
contempt, 2930.04, 2980.02, 2980.03, 3660.03, 3660.05
criminal forfeiture, 1070.01, 1070.02
expatriates, 4670.06
family courts, 920.01, 3920.02, 3940.07, 3990.01
forms of order, 3920.03, 3920.05
impossibility defense, 1070.02, 5520.01
Lawrence case, 3920.03, 3940.02
offshore trusts, 140.03, 140.04, 140.05, 2130.03, 2130.04, 3020.06
regulators and tax authorities, 440.04, 450.03, 1860.05, 3920.02, 3940.06, 3990.01
retained powers as basis, 1070.02, 1090.01, 2210.05, 3010.08, 3820.08, 3920.05, 3970.03, 4210.04, 5410.07
sources of power, 1070.01, 3901.02, 3920.01, 3920.02, 3920.05
trustee's response, 1070.03, 3070.06
See also Contempt; Impossibility defense; Turnover orders
Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts. See FBAR
Reporting calendar
dates and weekends, G01.02
federal month by month, G10.01
purpose, G01.01
responsibility for filings, G01.04
sources, G01.03
Reserved powers
Cayman Islands, 2830.04
control in fact, 2550.01, 2550.03, 2550.04
Cook Islands, 3060.01, 3060.02, 3060.06
Delaware, C40.01, E10.03, E50.02
divorce, as property in, 5410.06
ineffective disposition, 5401.03, 5410.05
Jersey, 2810.03, 3060.01, 5410.02
no mandatory interest clause, E10.03
offshore statutes, 3060.01
release review, 5410.07
risks of, 2210.05, 2210.06, 2240.02, 2340.02, 2340.05, 2440.01, 3060.02, 3060.06
Wyoming, C50.01, E10.03, E50.02
See also Protectors; Sham trusts
Residence
change of, 240.09
change of, timing, 3540.05, 3540.11, 3580.06, 3580.10
changes, reporting consequences, 4480.06
effect on ratings, 240.09
principal, documentation, 3540.11, 3580.06
principal residence as planning fact, 650.02
Residence and citizenship by investment
CRS risk, 4480.05
expatriation, use in, 4610.08, 4670.05
St Kitts and Nevis, 4670.05
Residences
leases to settlor, 5440.05
nominee liens, 5440.04
personal use, 5440.05
trust-owned, leased, 5440.01
Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws
§ 187, 3550.02
§ 270, 3530.01, 3530.02, 3530.03
§ 6 factors, 3530.03
federal rule in bankruptcy, 3510.06, 3510.07
intention of settlor, 3530.01
Restatement (Third) of Conflict of Laws
trusts, 3530.06
Restitution
entireties property, 1120.05
ERISA plans, 1060.05
exemptions, 1210.03
FTC, AMG case, 440.02
lien, 1060.05
Retained assets
role in plan, 240.08
Retained control, 250.01, 5401.03, 5410.07, 5440.03
after a claim, 3640.03, 3660.04, 3660.08
alter ego findings, 140.06, 5520.05, 5540.06
bankruptcy estate, 840.03
benefit distinguished, 250.05
contempt and repatriation, 140.03, 140.04, 140.05, 1070.02, 1090.01, 3920.05, 3970.03, 3990.04, 5520.01
control in fact, 220.10, 250.04, 250.08, 260.07, 350.05, 1970.02, 3640.03, 5430.01, 5430.05, 5440.01, 5440.04
failed plans, 1970.01, 5501.01, 5501.03
planning, 160.03, 170.05, 840.03, 890.02, 5590.04
Pugachev case, 5410.04
retained powers, 250.02, 250.03, 250.06, 250.07, 430.05, 5430.06, 5510.02
Twyne's case, 610.03
Webb case, 4060.03
See also Protectors; Reserved powers; Retained benefit
Retainers
classic, security and advance payment, 5360.02
Retirees and inheritors
elder abuse claims, 5180.04, 5180.06
exposure, 5180.01
inheritances, 5180.06
timing table, 5190.02
wealth composition, 5110.06
Retirement assets, 1301.02, 1301.05, 1390.05
annuities compared, 1250.05
bankruptcy, 890.02, 890.03, 890.04, 1310.02, D40.01, D40.02
bankruptcy exemptions, state survey, D40.01, D40.02
beneficiary designations, 1330.02, 1330.05, 1370.03, 1390.03, 1390.04
change of domicile, 1320.05
contributions, 1360.03, 1360.06, 4770.06, 5120.09
cross-border, 1380.01, 1380.02, 1380.03, 1380.04, 5050.02, 5050.07
defined benefit and cash balance plans, 1310.10, 1360.03, 1390.02
digital asset investments, 4950.02
distributions, 1340.01, 1340.02, 1340.03, 1340.04, 1340.05, 1340.06
equity stripping proceeds, 4840.01
ERISA plans, 130.06, 1310.01, 1310.03, D40.01
exceptions to protection, 240.03, 1310.05, 1310.06, 5140.07
expatriation, 4640.02, 4640.03, 4680.01
inherited accounts, 130.06, 240.03, 1330.01, 1330.02, 1330.03, 1330.04, 1330.05, D40.01
IRAs, 130.06, 1310.07, 1320.01, 1320.02, 1320.03, 1320.04, 1320.05, 1320.06, 1320.07, 1360.04
loss of protection, 1360.01, 1360.02, 1360.03, 1360.04, 1360.05, 1360.06
nonqualified deferred compensation, 1350.01, 1350.02, 1350.03, 1350.04, 1350.05, 1350.06
offshore trusts unsuitable, 2270.06
owner-only plans, 1310.04, 1310.08, 1310.09, 1390.04, 4770.05, 4770.06
plan types, 1310.07
planning, 1301.04, 1360.06, 1390.02, 1390.03, 1390.04, A80.04
QDROs, 210.05, 430.06, 1370.01, 1370.04
solvency analysis, 730.03, 730.04, 5250.04
spousal rights, 940.03, 990.02, 1370.03
Revenue rule
collection assistance, 1080.03
collection of United States tax abroad, 4670.04
expatriates, 4690.01
foreign tax claims, 450.08, 3590.03, 4120.04, 4170.03
tax collection assistance treaties, 5070.02
treaty exceptions, 450.08
Reverse veil piercing, 3320.01
California, 670.03, 1550.03, 3320.05
charging orders, and, 1550.02, 1550.03, 1550.04, 1640.03, 3320.02, 3320.04, 3320.05, 4730.05, 4750.02
choice of law, 1620.03
Colorado, 3320.03
Connecticut, 3320.03
Delaware, 1550.02, 2760.03, 3320.04
Georgia, 3320.06
government claimants, 1550.05
insider and outsider, 670.03, 690.01, 1550.01, 1550.02, 3320.01, 3320.06
Manichaean Capital case, 1550.02, 3320.04, 4730.05
reducing risk, 1550.03, 1550.04, 4830.03, 4830.09, 5540.05, 5540.06
Sky Cable case, 3320.04, 5540.04
Utah, 3320.06
Virginia, 3320.03
Wyoming, 3320.07
See also Alter ego; Charging orders; Veil piercing
Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act
fiduciary access, 4970.02
Revived claims
sexual abuse look-back windows, 420.03
Revocable trusts
contempt, 3940.03
French treatment, 5060.03
no creditor protection, 1810.05, 4830.09
real estate reporting, 4460.06
reserved power to amend, 5120.09
Rhode Island
UVTA provisional remedies, 3850.06
Risk segregation
capital and insurance, 1560.03
common structures, 1560.02
cost of complexity, 1560.06
cross-guarantees, 1560.05
intercompany dealings, 1560.04
principle, 1560.01
series LLCs, 1560.07
See also Series LLCs
Rule against perpetuities
Delaware, 2710.07
real property through LLCs, 2710.07, 2760.04
state survey, 1770.02
Wyoming, 2610.08
RULLCA. See Revised Uniform Limited Liability Company Act
S
S corporations
trust shareholders, 4750.05
Sale of a business
anticipatory assignment of income, 4780.02
buyer as creditor, 4780.04
installment sales to grantor trusts, 4780.05
planning before sale, 4780.01, 4780.06
qualified small business stock, 4780.03
Sanctions
cross-border families, 5070.05
digital assets, 4940.06, 4990.01
European Union, 4540.07
jurisdiction risk, 2150.06
SARs. See Suspicious activity reports
SCINs. See Self-canceling installment notes
Search orders
Anton Piller orders, 3810.09
Seasoning
by creditor class, 560.02
disclosure, 560.03
illustration, 570.02
limitation periods, 220.13
routes and dates, 560.01
self-settled trusts, 560.01, 560.02
See also Limitation periods
SEC. See Securities and Exchange Commission
Section 1782
creditor's use in haven proceedings, 3760.06
discovery in aid of foreign proceedings, 3760.06
Intel factors, 3760.06
Section 2801 tax, 4601.03
covered gifts and bequests, 4650.02
domestic dynasty trusts, 4680.03
final regulations, 4650.04
foreign tax credit, 4650.01
foreign trust election, 4650.03, 4650.04, 4650.06, 4680.03
Form 708, 4650.05
pre-expatriation gifts, 4680.02
presumption of covered status, 4650.04, 4650.07
rate and exclusion, 4650.01
Securities and Exchange Commission
Brennan litigation, 2360.02
crypto custody, 4920.06
disgorgement, 1040.01
disgorgement and asset freezes, 3850.11
enforcement, offshore trust, 2240.04
freezes and repatriation, 1040.02
relief defendants, 1040.02
Securities enforcement
aiding and abetting, 5150.04
Security for costs
creditor suing trustee, 4070.04
Self-canceling installment notes
technique, 2050.03
Self-custody. See Digital assets
Self-incrimination. See Self-incrimination privilege
Self-incrimination privilege
act of production, 330.07, 3740.03
adverse inference, 3740.02, 3870.02
adverse inferences, 330.03, 330.07
availability in civil cases, 3740.01
civil proceedings, 760.06
compelled decryption, 4940.03
contempt, 5520.02, 5550.02, 5550.05
foregone conclusion exception, 4940.03
impossibility defense, 3740.05, 3930.03
required records, 4320.08
required records, foreign accounts, 3740.04
required-records exception, 330.07
stays of civil cases, 3740.06
Self-settled trusts, 101.03, 1801.01
§ 548(e), 460.03, 660.03, 850.01, 890.02, 3290.04, 3360.02, 3360.04, 3360.05
bankruptcy, 140.04, 840.02, 890.02, 3550.04, 3550.09, 3590.04
business interests, 4750.05
choice of law, 230.02, 650.02, 650.05, 710.06, 3530.06, 3530.07, 3530.09, 5440.02, 5530.01
client questions, 1801.03, 5170.04, A80.04
common-law rule, 130.08, 530.04, 1730.07, 1810.01, 1810.02, 1810.06, 1860.02, 2680.04, 3540.04, 3550.03, 5180.05
divorce and support claims, 920.01, 920.02, 920.03, 950.02, 970.01
Florida, 2880.06
forfeiture of retained interest, 4570.05
Huber case, 3530.07
Medicaid treatment, 5180.03
Nevis, 2340.01
New York, 710.06
non-resident settlors, 130.08, 140.06
partly self-settled trusts, 1810.04
policy debate, 1801.02, 1890.03
Portnoy case, 3530.06, 5440.02, 5510.03
reporting of settlor powers, 4430.04
retained control, 5430.04, 5440.02
Rush case, 530.04, 5180.05, 5220.07, 5530.05
SLATs, 1780.02, 1780.03, 1780.04
stated purpose, 4580.06, 5170.07
statutes permitting, 130.08, 2120.01, 2710.06, B30.03
tax treatment, 4201.03, 4210.03, 4220.03, 4220.04, 4240.03, 4240.04, 4630.03, 4640.06, 4680.04
Texas, 2880.06, 3530.09, 3550.03
Threat Matrix ratings, 1890.01
timing, 1890.02
voidable transactions, 650.05, 710.08
Washington, 3530.07, 3550.03, 5160.06
Series LLCs, 1650.01
bankruptcy, in, 1650.03
Delaware, 1650.01, 1650.05, 2760.05
jurisdictions compared, B40.02
layered structures, 3310.04, 3360.04
Mastro case, 5520.05
planning guidance, 1650.04
real estate, 4830.04
registered series, 1650.05
risks, 1650.03
Threat Matrix ratings, 1690.01
UVTA treatment, 650.04
Wyoming, 2670.03
Service out of jurisdiction
Norwich Pharmacal gateway, 3840.07
Service providers
supervision of, 310.11
Settlement. See Settlement of claims
Settlement of claims, 3680.06
bankruptcy, in, 880.04, 890.03
collectability, 240.10, 3680.02
financial disclosure, 3680.02, 3680.03, 3680.06
offshore trust disputes, 2430.07
regulators, 3680.04
Settlors
contempt despite firewall, 3830.07
digital assets, retained keys, 4930.01, 4980.04
due diligence focus, 4510.03
duress, exclusion during, E50.01
PSC register, 4440.04
retained powers, E50.02
Sham arrangements
disregard of structure, 110.06, 140.06
nominee doctrine, 670.03
nominee trustees, 250.08
Belize, 2450.01
Cook Islands, 2210.05
Delaware, 2740.06
England and Wales, 3330.04
Esteem case, 5410.03
failure modes, 3060.05
foundations, 3170.04
freezing orders, 3820.07
individual transactions, 5410.03, 5430.05, 5440.07
operation, evidence from, 5401.01, 5401.02, 5430.01, 5430.02
Pugachev case, 5410.04
Rahman case, 5410.02
settlor control, 2720.07, 2740.06, 2750.04, 5440.06
Switzerland, 2520.02, 2530.07, 2550.01
tax schemes, 5560.04
trustee's intention, 3060.03, 3070.02
See also Alter ego; Bare trusts; Illusory trusts; Reserved powers; Retained control
Singapore
Channel Islands compared, 2850.09
comparison grid, B10.03
creditors, 2850.07
trust law and firewall, 2850.06
Single business enterprise theory
Texas rejection, 4730.03
Single-member LLCs
Albright case, 1630.02
bankruptcy of member, 1630.02, 1660.02, 3340.04, 3340.05
California, 3340.03
charging orders, 1630.01, 1630.05, 3340.01, 3340.03
Delaware, 3340.03
Florida, 3340.02
Nevada and Texas, 1630.04
Nevis, 3340.03
Olmstead case, 1630.01
second member, 1630.03
spouses as members, 1630.06
tax treatment, 1630.04
Texas, 3340.03
Threat Matrix ratings, 1590.01, 1690.01
trust as member, 3340.06
veil piercing, 1530.05
Situs, change of. See Flight clauses; Migration of trusts
SLATs. See Spousal lifetime access trusts
Solvency affidavits, 5201.01, 5260.03
contents, 350.04, 730.06, 5260.01, 5260.05
evidentiary value, 460.03, 480.03, 730.06, 770.02, 5260.03, 5260.06, E60.02, F01.04
false affidavits, 310.14, 730.06, 5260.07
model form, F01.03, F10.01, F10.02, F10.03
Mortensen case, 5260.04
offshore trustees, 5260.08
statutory requirements, 5260.01, A60.04, B30.01
timing, 5260.03, 5330.03, F10.03, G20.03
See also Solvency analysis
Solvency analysis, 180.02, 5201.01, 5201.02, 5201.03
affidavits, 180.02, 350.02, 350.04, 1830.04, 1880.05, 2020.04, 2080.02, 2080.05, 3010.02, 3080.02, 3730.08, 3780.02, 4580.05, 4590.03
after claim arrives, 3610.05, 3620.03
balance-sheet test, 730.01, 3610.05, 5230.02
cash-flow tests, 5230.04, 5260.04, 5260.05, F20.05, F20.07
consistency with other disclosures, 3440.05, 4520.05, 4580.05
contingent assets, 5240.07
contingent liabilities, 120.04, 180.02, 210.14, 410.02, 520.03, 730.04, 2020.03, 5240.01, 5240.02, 5240.03, 5240.04, 5240.05
Delaware, 2790.04
downturn after transfer, 5230.07, 5280.04
engagement and intake, 480.03, 1880.05, 5210.01, 5290.03, 5320.01, 5320.02
exempt assets, 180.02, 730.03, 2020.02, 5250.01, 5250.02, 5250.03, 5250.04, 5250.05, 5250.06
existing creditors, 530.01
fees as liability, 5360.06
funding, 2990.01, 2990.04, 3080.02, 3090.06, 3270.05, 3290.05
Gibraltar, 2820.06
guarantees, 220.11, 2020.03, 2020.04, 4760.01, 5130.06, 5160.07, 5240.06
limits, A60.06
physicians, 5110.07
presumption from non-payment, 730.02, 5230.03
rebutting intent, 710.07
reconstruction, 3640.04, 5280.02, 5280.03
reserves for pending claims, 220.08, 240.08, 560.05, 2020.04, A60.05
safe harbors, 670.07, 2220.02, 2320.02, 2320.08
series of transfers, 730.07, 2020.05, 3610.03, 3640.04
solvency file, 2640.08, 2690.03, 2820.06, 3580.08, 4480.01, 4580.05, 4590.03, 5280.01
successful plans, 5580.01, 5580.06
tests, 480.03, 2020.01, 2420.06, 5230.01, 5230.05, A60.04, C20.01
trustee's review, 4501.02, 4510.07, 4520.05, 4580.05
unreasonably small assets, 5230.04, 5230.05
valuation, 730.05, 4950.04, 4980.02, 5230.02, 5230.06, 5280.02
worksheet, 730.04, 2020.04, 5230.07, 5250.06, 5280.04, A60.02, F20.01, F20.02, F20.03, F20.04, F20.05, F20.06
See also Solvency affidavits
Source of wealth, 5580.06
difficult cases, 4510.03, 4520.06
digital assets, 4520.06, 4520.07, 4980.02
due diligence by banks and trustees, 2270.04, 2280.01, 2470.05, 2560.06, 3440.05
establishing, 4520.02, 4520.03, 4520.07, 4580.03, 4580.04
intake, 180.04, 5210.07, F40.05, F40.07
laundering risk, 110.06, 180.04, 330.05, 330.11
solvency analysis and, 4520.05
source of funds distinguished, 4520.01
statutory requirements, 4520.04
tainted funds, 1040.02, 1090.01, 5360.05, 5510.06
tax compliance, 4520.07
South Dakota
charging orders, 1620.01, 1630.05, B40.02, D50.01
criminal transfer statute, D60.01, D60.02
directed trusts, 1910.01, 1910.04, 1910.05
domestic asset protection trusts, 1820.01, 1830.01, 1830.05, 1880.07, 2870.01, 2870.02, 2870.04, 5140.08, B30.01
dynasty trusts, 1770.02, 1770.06
exception creditors, 2870.03, 2870.04
exemption conversion, 1270.02
homestead, D20.01
limitation periods, 2870.02, 2870.04
LLCs, 1520.05, 1630.05, G40.01
nongrantor trusts, 4270.05
spendthrift trusts, 1701.04, 1720.05, 1730.06
trust companies, 1960.01, 4560.01
trust conversion, 5080.06
trusts for non-U.S. families, 5020.06
Sovereign risk
foreign sovereigns, 450.08
international families, 120.06, 260.04
political risk, 450.08
SPATs. See Special power of appointment trusts
Spendthrift trusts, 130.02, 1701.03, 1710.01
bankruptcy, § 541(c)(2), 240.03, 840.02, 1710.05, 1750.07, 2620.02, 2630.05, 2720.05, 2740.07, C30.01, E10.01
Broadway National Bank case, 1710.02
choice of law, 3530.04
Cook Islands, 2230.04
Delaware, 2710.02, 2710.03, 2740.06
distributions, after, 1750.01
entertainers and athletes, 5170.04
exception creditors, 420.08, 1730, 2610.03, 2630.03
exit tax valuation, 4630.02
federal tax liens, 450.01, 1730.04
foundation analogues, 3110.05, 3130.04
offshore trusts, 3010.06
protective trusts, 1710.02, 1710.04
recognition in all states, 1701.02, 1710.02
remainder interests, 1710.06
retirement account beneficiary, 1330.02, 1330.05
self-settled, 1810.01, 3530.09
solvency calculation, excluded from, 5250.02
state survey, 1730.06
support exceptions, 210.05, 430.06, 950.01, 950.03, 1730.01, 1730.02
third-party trusts, 120.05, 2010.03, 2040.03, 5070.05
Threat Matrix ratings, 240.01, 240.03, 1790.01
tort creditors, 420.08, 1730.03
Uniform Trust Code, 130.02, 1710.01, 1710.03
See also Discretionary trusts; Exception creditors
Spoliation
planning files, 5370.04
Spousal lifetime access trusts, 1701.03, 1780.01
community property, 1780.07
creditors of each spouse, 1780.02
divorce, 1780.06
indirect benefit to donor, 1780.03
reciprocal trust doctrine, 1780.04, 1780.05
spousal gifts compared, 1150.02, 1150.06, 2030.02, 2030.03
tax reimbursement clauses, 1780.08
Threat Matrix ratings, 1790.01
Spouses
as conduits, 840.02, 5440.02, 5510.05, 5530.02, 5590.01, 5590.04
as creditors, 210.04, 901.02, 960.03, 2730.05, 2730.10
before marriage, 230.09, 430.04
consent and waiver, 910.03, 920.02, 1370.03, 1830.03, 2730.06, 2730.10, 2870.03, 2870.04, C40.03, F10.03
definition in trusts, 1760.05, 1760.06, 1780.06
descendants' spouses, 120.05
elective share, 970.01, 970.02, 970.03
expatriation, separate testing, 4620.07
exposed and protected spouse, 2030.01, 2030.04
grantor trust attribution, 4210.02, 4240.06
joint creditors, 4820.04
LLC co-members, 1630.06
marital property, 3530.07, 3550.03, 3550.09, 5040.03, 5040.04, 5040.05
marriage after plan, 5460.03
non-citizen, 1150.01, 1150.06, 5010.03
planning against, 120.05, 901.03, 910.01, 910.02, 910.03, 910.04, 990.01, 990.02
providers of funds, as, 4510.07
representation of, 310.04, 310.13, 5310.01, 5310.02, 5310.04, 5310.05, 5310.08
roles in family business, 1580.07
Threat Matrix ratings, 990.02
transfers between, 1150.01, 1150.02, 1150.03, 1150.04, 1150.05, 2030.01, 2030.02, 2030.03, 2030.06, 5220.05
transfers on eve of judgment, 4880.04
voidable-transactions claims, 920.03
Wyoming, 2640.09
See also Divorce; Premarital agreements; Tenancy by the entirety
St Kitts and Nevis. See Nevis
Stablecoins
as property, 4910.07
custody and priority, 3470.03
freezing at issuer level, 4920.07
reserves excluded from issuer's estate, 4950.01
Stacked entities. See Layered structures
Standard of proof
beyond reasonable doubt, B10.01, B10.03
beyond reasonable doubt, Cook Islands, 2220.01, 2230.06
beyond reasonable doubt, Nevis, 2320.01, 2320.08
fraudulent transfer claims, 2120.02
State attorneys general
remedies, 1030.03
State income tax
ING trusts, 1870.05
protective trusts, 4270.04
trusts, 1770.05, 2680.05, 2770.02, 2770.03, 4230.04, 4270.03, 4270.04
Statement of financial affairs
self-settled trust transfers, 810.02
Statute of Elizabeth
Belize § 149, 2430.05
Cook Islands exclusion, 2220.05
excluded in Nevis, C70.01
Nevis exclusion, 2310.04
offshore statutes as departures, 601.02, 610.07
provisions, 610.02
reception in United States, 620.01
repeal in England, C10.01
text, C10.01
Twyne's Case, 610.03
Statutory texts
conventions, C01.03
purpose, C01.01
sources and currency, C01.02
See also Bankruptcy; Uniform Voidable Transactions Act
Stiftungen. See Foundations; Liechtenstein
Submission to jurisdiction
foreign insolvency proceedings, 4020.04
proof of claim, 4110.03, 4110.06
Subrogation
insurers, 510.07
Substantive consolidation
bankruptcy, 4730.04
factors, 1530.07
limits of entity planning, 4701.03
non-debtor entities, 3360.04
Owens Corning, 3360.03
standards, 3360.03
Substitution powers
estate inclusion and creditor risk, 4210.04
Successful plans
features, 5501.03, 5580.01, 5580.06
Klabacka case, 5580.04
offshore forum, 5580.05
Rensin case, 5580.03
Riechers case, 5580.02
Successor liability
asset purchases, 4760.03
de facto merger, 1580.05
mere continuation, 1580.05
product-line exception, 4760.03
Support claims
beneficiaries, 470.01
cross-border enforcement, 430.07, 950.04
enforcement, 210.05, 430.06, 430.07
exception creditors, 430.06
exemptions yield to, 1210.03, 1230.01
offshore trusts, 430.06, 2120.07
planner's role, 950.04
privileged position, 210.05, 240.04, 430.06, 950.01
retirement assets, 1370.04
Support trusts
Restatement (Second), 1720.02
Restatement (Third), 1720.03
See also Discretionary trusts
Suspicious activity reports
authorised disclosures and consent, 4550.02
failure to disclose, 4550.03
incomplete due diligence, 4510.01
offshore centers, 4550.06
tipping-off prohibition, 340.04
attachment (Arrest), 2520.02, 2520.07, 2530.04, 3860.01, 3860.02, 3860.06
avoidance actions, 540.05, 670.05, 680.01, 2520.03, 2520.04, 2520.06, 3250.03, 3540.07, 3540.11, B20.01, B20.02, C80.01
bank failure and restructuring, 2560.07, 3450.03, 3450.05, 3450.06, 3450.09
bank secrecy, 2560.01
banks, 2560.05, 2560.06, 2580.02, 3440.03, 3440.06, 5550.03
blocking statutes, 2570.01, 2570.05, 3760.05
case law, 2550.01, 2550.02, 2550.03, 2550.04
checklist, 2590.03
comparison grid, 2180.02, B20.01, B20.02
criminal mutual assistance, 2570.03
debt enforcement system, 2520.01, 2520.06, 2530.07
evidence and service, 2570.02, 3760.03
FATCA, 2560.03, 4410.06, 4410.09, B20.01, B60.02, G60.01
forced heirship, 5060.04, 5060.06
foreign bankruptcy, recognition of, 2520.05, 4160.08, B20.01
foreign judgments, recognition of, 2530.01, 2530.02, 2530.03, 2530.04, 2530.05, 4130.03, 4190.02, B50.01
foundations, 2510.06
Hague Trusts Convention, 670.05, 2510.02, 2510.03, 2510.07, B20.01, C80.02
international standing, 2570.04, B60.03
jurisdiction over trustee, 2530.06
Liechtenstein compared, 2580.06
life insurance and annuities, 2540.01, 2540.02, 2540.03, 2540.04, 2580.05, 3250.03
look-back periods, 540.05, 2520.03, 2590.02
no domestic trust, 2510.01, G50.01
role in planning, 2501.01, 2580.01
Rybolovlev case, 2550.01
settlor's creditors, 2510.04
suitable clients, 2501.05, 2580.07, 2590.04
Swiss Bank Program, 2560.02, 2570.07
tax information exchange, 2570.06
tax treatment of trusts, 2580.04
Threat Matrix ratings, 2590.01
timing, 2590.02
trust assets, segregation of, 2510.03, 2510.05, 2510.06
T
Tax evasion
aiding or assisting false returns, 330.04
concealment of assets from IRS, 760.04
conspiracy to defraud the United States, 330.04
criminal statutes, D60.03
evasion of payment, 330.04, 1020.01
money laundering predicate, 4520.07, 4570.06
planner's exposure, 1020.04
planning distinguished, 110.06
Tax neutrality
checklist, 4290.03
design sequence, 4280.01
four questions, 4201.03, 4280.01
offshore trusts, 4280.02
principle, 4201.02
Tax reporting, 1090.01, 4301.02, 4301.03, 4310.07, 4330.06, 4340.07, 4360.09, 4380.05, 4390.03, 4480.01, B60.01
automatic exchange, 4401.01, 4401.02, 4401.03, 4401.05, 4410.07, 4410.10, 4480.02, 4480.03, 4480.07
Belize, 2480.04
calendar and maintenance, 4380.01, 4380.04, 4480.06, 5401.01, 5450.01, 5450.02, 5450.04, 5450.07, 5480.06, G10.01, G20.01, G20.03
Cook Islands, 2280.04
cross-border families, 1380.04, 5010.01, 5020.01, 5020.05
development, 4301.05
digital assets, 4470.04, 4960.01, 4960.02, 4960.04
domestic structures, 4380.03
evidence, as, 3240.07, 3380.04, 4280.05, 4301.02, 4390.02, 4940.09, 5450.01
expatriation, 4610.05, 4620.02, 4630.07, 4650.04, 4650.05, 4680.01
foreign entities, 2170.03, 3380.01, 3380.03, 4340.01, 4340.02, 4340.03, 4340.04, 4340.05
foreign trusts, 110.05, 180.05, 1870.06, 2170.03, 2910.05, 2930.01, 2960.07, 2970.06, 3080.06, 4310.01, 4310.02, 4310.03, 4310.04, 4310.05, 4310.06
Form 8300, 4560.06
Forms 3520 and 3520-A, 110.05, 330.09, 2170.03, 2170.07, 3160.02, 3160.05, 3240.07, 3380.03, 5020.05
foundations, 3160.05
gift tax returns, 2070.05, 2080.02
insurance wrappers, 3240.04, 3240.05, 3240.06, 3240.07
micro-captives, listed transactions, 1480.06, 4770.03
Nevis, 2370.04
penalties, 110.05, 160.05, 2170.06, 5350.04, 5450.01, 5450.03, G30.01, G30.02, G30.03
remediation, 330.09, 4370.01, 4370.02, 4370.03, 4370.04, 4370.05, 4480.03, 4520.07, 5450.07
responsibility for filings, 4380.02, 4390.04, 4520.07, 4580.06, 5320.05, F40.05, G01.04, G70.01
Switzerland, 2570.07
valuation and currency, 4360.09
Wyoming, 2680.06
Tax treaties
collection assistance, 1080.03
Temporary restraining orders
persons bound, active concert, 3610.04, 3650.05, 3660.08
Rule 65, 3650.05
Tenancy by the entirety, 130.05, 1120.01
accounts and proceeds, 1120.04, 1120.12
bankruptcy, 240.03, 890.04, 1120.06
civil unions, 1170.04
Craft case, 1120.05
creditors of one spouse, 1120.03
criminal restitution, 1120.05
divorce or death, 1120.05, 1120.07, 2030.07
examples, 260.02, 1120.03, 1120.07, 1120.08, A80.04
family claimants, 990.02
federal tax liens, 130.05, 210.06, 450.01, 1120.05, 2030.07, 4820.03, 4880.04, 4890.01
foreign spouses, 1180.05
fraud by debtor, 530.02, 1120.11
joint creditors, 1120.03, 1120.05, 1120.06
limits of protection, 1120.05, 4820.04
LLC interests, 1630.06
moving to an entireties state, 1120.10
Nevis trusts, 2310.04
real property, 4820.03, 4820.04
solvency, 730.03, 5250.01, 5250.02
state survey, 1120.02, 1120.03, D20.01, D20.02
Threat Matrix ratings, 240.01, 240.03, 1190.03
transfers into, 1120.08, 1190.04, 2030.02, 2030.07, 4880.01, 5210.06
See also Community property; Homestead
Tennessee
DAPT grid, B30.01
domestic asset protection trusts, 1830.01, 1830.04
Investment Services Act, 2880.02
Texas
attorneys' fees, 740.06
charging orders, 1620.01, 1630.04, 1630.05, 3340.03, 3350.06, B40.02, D50.01
community property, 260.05, 1130.02, 4820.06
construction trust funds, 5160.04, 5160.05, 5160.07
crime-fraud exception, 3730.06
exemptions, 1230.02, 1270.03, 1290.04, 2880.06
foreign ownership restrictions, 4850.03
forfeiture liability, 5420.06
homestead, 130.03, 240.03, 1220.01, 1220.03, 1220.05, 1220.09, 1220.10, 4820.05, D20.01
judgment liens, 4810.03
life insurance and annuities, 1240.02, 1240.04, 1240.08, 1250.01, 1250.05, 3260.04, D30.01
malpractice damages caps, 5120.04
professional entities, 4710.03, 4720.03
retirement accounts, 1320.03, 1330.04, 1340.01, 1340.04, D40.01
secured creditors, hindering, 330.03, 3620.06
self-settled trusts, 670.06, 1810.04, 2880.06, 3530.09, 3550.03
Third-party trusts, 1701.01, 1701.03, 1701.04
alter ego, 5520.06
bankruptcy, 840.02, 890.02, 890.03
beneficiaries who marry, 930.01, 930.02, 930.03, 930.04
business interests, 4750.05
child support, 950.03
design checklist, 1790.03
exit tax, 4640.06
gifts to, 2040.03
governing law, choice of, 1701.04, 1720.05, 1730.06
inheritances, 480.04, 5110.06, 5180.01, 5180.06
life insurance beneficiary, as, 1240.03, 1240.08
lifetime retention in trust, 1750.06, 1770.04
LLC members, as, 1630.03, 1670.04, 1680.05
planning alternative, 3580.10
qualified small business stock, 4780.03, 4780.06
retirement account beneficiary, 1330.01, 1330.02, 1330.05
reviewing existing trusts, 1790.04
strength of protection, 1701.02, 1701.05, 1790.04
Threat Matrix ratings, 1790.01
timing, 1790.02
wrapper ownership, 3280.01, 3290.02, 3290.04, 3290.05
See also Discretionary trusts; Dynasty trusts; Spendthrift trusts; Spousal lifetime access trusts
Thirty-day protocol. See Claim response
Threat Matrix, 201.01
banking, 3490
bankruptcy, 890.04
Belize, 2490.01
charging orders, 1601.04, 1690.01
claim window, 3690.02, 3690.03
client profiles, 5101.02, 5190, 5190.01, 5190.02
conflict of laws, 3590
Cook Islands, 2290.01
creditor axis, 210.01
cross-border families, 5090.01, 5090.02
Delaware, 2790.01
digital assets, 4990.01, 4990.02, 4990.03
discovery, 3790
dominant threat, 120.01, 120.08, 480.01, 480.04, 2920.03, 2920.06, 2920.07
exemptions and retirement assets, 1290.01, 1390.01
expatriation, 4690.01, 4690.02
failure patterns, 5590.01, 5590.02, 5590.03
five-step assessment, 260.01, 260.02, 260.03, 260.04, 260.05, 260.06, 260.07, 260.08, 270.04
foundations, 3190.04
freezing orders and contempt, 3890.01, 3890.02, 3890.03, 3990.01, 3990.02, 3990.03
insurance, 1401.04, 1490.01, 3290, 5470.01
intake and engagement, 350.02, 5290.01, 5290.02, 5390.01, 5390.02
intrafamily transfers, 2090.01
jurisdiction selection, 2101.03, 2110.02, 2190.01, 2890.03, 2920.01, 2920.02, 2990.03
layered plans, 240.08, 3390.02, A50.04, A50.05
limits and reassessment, 270.01, 270.02, 270.05, 270.06
Nevis, 2390.01
operating businesses, 4790.01, 4790.02
ratings, 201.04, 240.01, 240.02, 240.03, 240.04, 240.06, 240.07, 240.10, A50.02, A50.06
recognition of judgments, 4190.01, 4190.02, 4190.03
Switzerland, 2590.01
tax, reporting and compliance, 4290.01, 4290.02, 4390.01, 4390.02, 4390.03, 4490.01, 4490.02, 4590.01, 4590.02
three axes, 170.01, 201.02, 201.03
timing axis, 220.01, 220.06, 240.05, A50.03
title, 1190.03
trusts and trustees, 1790.01, 1890.01, 1990.01, 4090.01, 4090.02
worksheets, 260.01, 260.09, 270.03, A01.01, A01.02
Wyoming, 2690.01
Threat Matrix worksheets, A01.01, A01.02
client, purposes and assets, A10.01, A10.02, A10.03, A10.04
completed illustration, A80.01, A80.02, A80.03, A80.04, A80.05, A80.06, A80.07
conventions, A01.05
creditor profile, A20.01, A20.02, A20.03, A20.04
forum and custodians, A40.01, A40.02, A40.03, A40.04
neutral terms rule, A01.03
recording survey results, D70.02
reproduction, A01.06
solvency snapshot, A60.01, A60.02, A60.04
timing position, A30.01, A30.02, A30.03
tool ratings, A50.01, A50.02, A50.03, A50.04, A50.05
who completes, A01.04
See also Threat Matrix
Throwback rules
domestication before death, 5080.02, 5080.06
Timing, 170.02, 170.05, 220.01, 501.02, 1790.02, 1890.02, 3590.05
additions to trust, 350.09, 3080.01
advance arrangement, 110.02, 110.03
Belize, 2490.02
business exposure, 520.04, 4780.01, 4780.02, 4780.06, 4790.02, 5101.02, 5160.07
checklist, 570.01, 570.02, 5590.04
claim arises, when, 110.02, 420.02, 420.09, 520.02, 520.03, 3610.03
claim lifecycle, 510.04, 520.01, 520.05
compliance and due diligence, 4490.02, 4510.07, 4590.02
contempt, 140.03, 140.05, 3930.07, 3970.02, 3990.02
Cook Islands, 2290.02, 3660.02
decided cases, 5101.03, 5580.01, 5590.03
digital assets, 4980.02, 4990.03
discovery and freezing orders, 3790.01, 3790.02, 3810.05, 3810.08, 3890.02
entity formation, 1501.02, 1520.07, 1550.04, 3320.08, 3370.05, 3390.01, 3390.03, 5540.01, 5540.05
expatriation and immigration, 4690.02, 5020.04, 5080.02
gifts and intrafamily transfers, 2001.03, 2010.02, 2070.04, 2090.02
insurance, 1401.04, 1470.05, 3270.05, 3270.06, 3290.01
migration, 2940.04, 2980.01, 2990.02
multiple creditors, 220.08, 520.05
Nevis, 2390.02
offshore trust funding, 2130.03, 2190.02
planner's exposure, 301.02
planning permitted by position, 5190.02, 5290.02, 5390.02
proof of position, 220.06, 220.09, 560.06, A30.03, A30.06
real estate, 4890.02
regulatory inquiries, 440.01, 440.06
seasoning, 220.13
staged transfers, 220.10, 550.02, 550.03, 2790.02, A30.01
Switzerland, 2590.02
T0 clear, 220.01, 220.02, 1270.05, 2690.02, 2790.02, 2920.04, 3490.05
T1 foreseeable, 220.01, 220.03, 220.11, 220.12, 560.04, F10.03, F40.07
T2 pending, 220.01, 220.04, 220.08, 260.08, 350.12
T3 judgment, 220.01, 220.05, 410.06
tax claims, 510.05
transfer date, 501.01, 501.03, 550.01
transfers after T1, 560.05, 2270.03, 3610.03, 3610.08, 3620.01, 5501.01, 5510.01, A30.07
trust governance changes, 1920.06, 1930.05, 1940.06, 1990.02
Tipping off
offshore centers, 4550.06
trustee's response to client, 4550.04, 4550.07
United Kingdom, 4550.04
United States, 4550.05
See also Suspicious activity reports
across borders, 1180.01, 1180.03, 1180.04, 1180.05
audit, 1190.01, 1190.02, 1190.03, 1190.04, 1190.06, 1190.07
change of title as transfer, 1101.02, 1110.02, 1190.04
forms of ownership, 1110.01
governing law, 1110.03
planner's questions, 1101.05
records and proof, 1110.04
Threat Matrix ratings, 1101.03, 1190.03
variable, as, 170.03
Tort creditors
claim arises at conduct, 510.05
claim arises at incident, 420.02
claim arises at injury, 210.03, 220.03
involuntary creditor, 420.01
latent injuries, 420.02
remedies against structures, 420.09
revived claims, 420.03
sources of exposure, 420.03
spendthrift trusts, 420.08
Trade creditors
claims and liens, 410.08
Transfer date
each transfer separately, 550.02
obligations incurred, 550.01, 550.05
perfection rules, 550.01
unrecorded deeds, 550.01
Transfer restrictions
creditors and bankruptcy, 4750.04
Transferee liability
tax, § 6901, 1010.05
Transfer-on-death deeds
alternative to joint tenancy, 1170.03
Transmutation agreements
voidable transfers, 4820.06
Treaties
collection assistance, 4670.04, 5070.02
double taxation on expatriation, 4630.06
estate tax, 5010.04
tie-breaker residence, 4610.06
waiver for deferred compensation, 4640.02
Triggering creditor
§ 544(b), 460.02
TROs. See Temporary restraining orders
Trust fund recovery penalty
founders, 5130.05
responsible persons, 1580.01, 1580.03
willfulness, 1580.03
withheld taxes, 4760.04
See also Entities; Operating businesses
Trust governance, 1901.01
annual review, 1980.07
checklist, 1990.03
distribution policy, 1980.03
family governance, 1980.06
investment policy statement, 1980.05
minutes and records, 1980.04
protective principle, 1901.03, 1990.03
supporting documents, 1980.01
Threat Matrix ratings, 1990.01
timing, 1990.02
traditional model, 1901.02
See also Directed trusts; Letters of wishes; Private trust companies; Protectors
Trust modification
after claim, 5460.02
beneficiary consent as transfer, 1950.02
division and combination, 1950.03
protective uses, 1950.02
spendthrift provision as material purpose, 1950.01
tax constraints, 1950.04
unanticipated circumstances, 1950.02, 1950.04
Uniform Trust Code routes, 1950.01
Trust protectors. See Protectors
Trust registers
consistency across registers, 4450.09
creditor access, 4450.03
European Union, 4450.01, 4450.02
exemptions for risk, 4450.01, 4450.05
legitimate interest test, 4450.03, 4450.05
offshore jurisdictions, 4450.07
register of overseas entities, trust information, 4440.05
United Kingdom Trust Registration Service, 4450.04, 4450.05
See also Beneficial-ownership registers
Trust Registration Service. See Trust registers; United Kingdom
Trustees, 4010.06, 4030.06, 4040.08, 4080.04, 5430.01
acceptance of settlements, 180.01, 340.06, 2080.05, 4040.08, 4080.02, 4090.03, 4510.07, 4590.02, 5260.08, 5280.01
anti-money-laundering obligations, 340.04, 4010.06, 4080.01, 4501.02, 4510.04, 4550.01, 4550.03, 4560.02, 4560.04, 4570.04, 4570.06
banks, dealings with, 3420.01, 3420.07, 3460.06, 3480.02, 3480.03
Beddoe applications, 4070.02, E20.04
beneficial ownership, 3310.02, 4440.01, 4450.07, 4450.08, 4460.04, 4460.08, 4560.03
Cook Islands, 2240.01, 2240.04, 2240.05
corporate and licensed trustees, 340.11, 2370.01, 2510.08, 2720.03, 3070.01, 4410.04, 4410.10, 4420.04, 4480.04
co-trustees, 1740.02, 2640.03, 2640.08, 2650.03, 3070.07, 3410.04, 3580.09
counsel and privilege, 3660.07, 3720.05
digital assets, 4920.05, 4920.06, 4930.04, 4930.05, 4930.07, 4980.07
directed and administrative trustees, 1910.02, 1910.03, 1910.05, 2750.01
directions from court, 340.07, 2410.06, 2440.06, 4001.03, 4030.05
disclosure of trust information, 3760.05, 3880.06, 4070.05, 4070.07
discretion and distributions, 750.06, 930.03, 1720.07, 1750.04, 3880.04, 3880.07, 5430.01
exculpation and insurance, 1430.07, E20.04
fiduciary duties, 340.02, 340.12, 4010.02, 4010.03, 4090.03
foreign orders, 340.03, 3070.06, 3880.01, 4010.04
foreign, repatriation request, 1070.03
forfeiture and restraint, 450.06, 4570.03, 4570.05, 4570.07
freezing orders, 3820.04, 3820.08, 3880.01, 3880.07, 3880.08
indemnity and costs, 340.05, 340.13, 740.06, 750.03, 750.06, 2330.05, 2630.04, 2730.07, 4070.01
independence, 140.05, 250.04, 250.06, 340.01, 340.02, 340.10, 710.05, 710.07, 1860.03, 1880.07, 1970.04, 1970.05, 2160.01, 3070.02, 3070.03, 4010.06, 4020.03, 4040.08, 4090.02, 5410.03, 5580.01, 5580.06, E20.01
insolvency of trustee, 2510.03, 2510.06
joinder as required party, 2450.04
personal jurisdiction, 230.03, 3660.08, 4020.01, 4020.02, 4020.03, 4020.06, 4090.02
personal liability, 470.03, 740.03, 750.03, 1750.05, 3660.01, 3660.06, 4040.01, 4040.05, 4040.07, 4040.08, 4080.02, 4090.02
planners, relations with, 5310.01, 5310.06, 5380.05
pressure, conduct under, 4001.02, 4001.03, 4010.01, 4080.01, 4090.03
qualified trustees, 1820.02, 1880.02, 2620.03, 2640.03, 2720.03, 2780.02, 5430.03, C40.01, E20.01, G40.03
records, 340.10, 350.14, 1980.04, 2320.08, 3070.05, 3480.04, 4650.06, 5430.02, 5430.07
removal, replacement and succession, 250.02, 250.07, 1740.02, 1740.05, 2730.10, 2880.01, 4030.06, 4080.04, 4240.01, 4240.06, 4970.03, 5460.07
resignation, retirement and migration, 340.08, 2630.04, 2810.06, 2960.03, 2980.05, 2980.07, 3070.01, 4070.03, 4080.04
sanctions screening, 4540.01, 4540.03, 4540.08
selection, 2160.01, 2160.06, 2910.07
settlor, communications with, 3070.04, 4010.05, 4010.06, 4080.03
statutory protection, 2120.08, 2730.08, 4040.01, 4050.06, 4050.07
submission to foreign court, 2530.06, 3560.05, 3560.08, 3580.10, 4020.04, 4020.05, 4090.02, 4140.06
subpoenas and disclosure orders, 340.07, 340.10, 3710.05, 3710.07, 3840.04, 3840.08
tax reporting and withholding, 4380.02, 4380.05, 4640.04, 4640.05, 4640.08, 4680.05, G30.02
transferees, as, 320.03, 340.05, 750.03, 2010.03, 2040.03, 2080.05, 4040.02, 4040.03, 4501.02
who may serve, 1720.04, 1740.02, 1960.06, 1970.04, 4510.04, 5360.07, 5440.03
Turnover orders
bank subsidiaries, 3410.03
civil contempt, 3910.04, 3920.02
extraterritorial reach, 3850.09
foreign assets, 3410.03, 3410.04
out-of-state property, 3350.06
Texas, 3350.06
transferees, 670.02
Twyne's Case. See Badges of fraud
U
UCC. See Uniform Commercial Code
UFCA. See Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act
UFTA. See Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act; Voidable transactions
Umbrella policies
drop-down coverage, 1410.01
personal umbrella, 1420.02
UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency
adoption, 880.02
enactments, 4160.01
offshore jurisdictions, B50.01
Uniform Commercial Code
Article 12, 3470.05
Article 12, controllable electronic records, 4910.03, 4910.04, 4910.05, 4910.09, 4930.01
Article 8, 3450.04
Article 9 attachment and perfection, 4740.02
certificated securities, 4750.03
Uniform Foreign-Country Money Judgments Recognition Act
grounds for refusal, 3560.04
grounds of nonrecognition, 4170.01
Uniform Fraudulent Conveyance Act
adoption, 630.03
fair consideration, 630.02
leveraged buyouts and guarantees, 630.04
structure, 630.01
Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act
badges of fraud, 640.02
definitions, 510.01
extinguishment, 640.04
insider preferences, 640.05
reasonably equivalent value, 640.01
transferee defenses, 640.03
See also Voidable transactions
Uniform Interstate Family Support Act
enforcement, 950.04
Uniform Probate Code
agency designations, 1140.05
augmented estate, 970.01, 970.03
joint accounts, 1140.03
nonprobate transfers, 1140.04
Uniform Trust Code
§ 107 governing law, 3530.05, 3530.07
§ 108 change of situs, 1930.02
§§ 411–417 modification, 1950.01, 1950.02, 1950.03
§ 502 spendthrift provisions, 1710.01, 1710.03, E10.01
§ 503 exception creditors, 1730.01, 1730.05
§ 503(b) support exception, 950.03, 990.02
§ 504 discretionary interests, 1720.04, 1740.02, E10.02
§ 505 self-settled trusts, 1810.01, 1810.04, 1810.05
§ 505 withdrawal powers, 1740.04
§ 506 overdue distributions, 1750.02
§ 808 powers to direct, 1920.01
records and reports, 5430.02
Uniform Voidable Transactions Act, C20.01
actual intent, § 4(a)(1), 510.02, 710.01, 5220.03
badges of fraud, § 4(b), 220.04, 710.05, 3620.02
bankruptcy compared, 660.02
burden and standard of proof, 650.03
choice of law, § 10, 230.02, 650.02, 1840.03, 2680.02, 2680.07, 3510.09, 3540.02, 3540.03, 3540.04, 3540.05, 3540.06, 3540.07, 3540.09, 3540.11, 3580.06, 3580.07, 3590.05, B30.03, C20.01
constructive fraud, § 4(a)(2), 220.10, 720.01, 720.04, 720.05, 3670.02, 5230.04
definitions, § 1, 550.04, 730.03, 770.02, 1110.02, 1210.05, 3610.03, 5220.01, 5250.01
foreign statutes compared, 2220.01, 2220.07, 2320.07, 2520.06
history and enactment, 510.01, 650.01, 650.06, 650.07, 3540.01, 3540.08, 3540.09
insider preferences, § 5(b), 720.06, 750.07, 3620.03, 3670.04
insolvency, § 2, 730.01, 730.02, 5230.02, 5230.03, 5250.02
limitation periods, § 9, 220.13, 540.01, 540.02, 540.03, C20.01
remedies, § 7, 740.01, 3850.06, C20.01
self-settled trusts, 650.05, 710.02, 710.08, 1840.03
series organizations, 650.04
transfer date, § 6, 550.01, 550.05
transferees, § 8, 740.03, 750.01, 750.02, 750.04, 4040.04, C20.01
United Kingdom
Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1933, 4130.01
Lugano Convention accession, 3860.03
Money Laundering Regulations 2017, 4510.05, 4520.04, 4530.02, 4530.04, 4530.05
Partnership Act 1890, 1610.01
pension protection, 1380.04
persons with significant control register, 3870.03, 4440.04
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, 4550.01, 4550.02, 4550.03, 4550.04, 4570.02, 4570.03, 4570.06
Recognition of Trusts Act 1987, 3520.07, 3520.08
register of overseas entities, 4440.05, 4440.09, 4850.05, 4870.04
tax information exchange, 4410.05, 4410.06, 4410.07, 4420.09, 4430.09, 4470.02
United States agent
foreign trust, 4310.03
United States persons abroad
accidental Americans, 5050.07
expatriation, 5050.06, 5080.04
foreign account reporting, 5050.04
local pensions and savings vehicles, 5050.02, 5050.07
local protective planning, 5050.05
passive foreign investment companies, 5050.03, 5050.07
tax rules following citizens, 5050.01
Unmarried couples
cohabitation agreements, 1170.02, 1170.04
exposure, 1170.02
gap in protection, 1170.01
Utah
charging order statute renumbered, D50.02
Dahl case, 430.05, 1830.03, 5530.07
DAPT grid, B30.01
divorce, trust governing law, 3530.07
domestic asset protection trusts, 1830.01, 1830.04, 1840.04
equitable distribution policy, 5120.09
notice-based limitation period, 2880.04
self-settled trusts, 2880.04
UTC. See Uniform Trust Code
UVTA. See Uniform Voidable Transactions Act
V
Veil piercing, 1530.01, 3310.03, 3320.01, 4750.01
bankruptcy, in, 1530.07
captives, 4770.04
commingling and formalities, 1530.02, 1530.05, 1570.02, 3640.05, 5401.01, 5401.02, 5401.03, 5420.04, 5540.01
contract creditors, 410.07, 1530.04, 5490.01
disregarded tax status, 3380.02
England and Wales, 3330.05
enterprise liability, 4730.03
factors, 1530.02
Kinney Shoe case, 1530.04
LLCs, 1530.05
procedure, 1530.06
statutory limits, 4701.03, 4710.04, 4710.06
Threat Matrix ratings, 1590.01
trusts and layered structures, 470.02, 5010.07, 5510.07, 5520.06, 5540.06
undercapitalization, 1530.03, 4710.06
Walkovszky case, 1530.03
Wyoming, 1530.05, 2670.02, 3320.07, 3380.02, 5420.02
See also Alter ego; Enterprise liability; Reverse veil piercing
Vessels
limitation of liability, 5170.02
Vicarious liability
employers, owners and parents, 420.06
Virginia
DAPT grid, B30.01
domestic asset protection trusts, 1830.01
entireties personal property, 1120.12
ethics opinion, 5210.06, 5270.03
tenancy-by-the-entirety trusts, 1120.09
Voidable transactions
actual intent, 110.02, 140.02, 180.06, 310.03, 510.02, 510.03, 530.01, 530.02, 530.05, 710.01, 710.02, 710.03, 710.04, 710.07, 2010.02, 5210.02
adviser and accessory liability, 320.02, 2630.01, 5350.01
Bahamas, 2840.06
beneficiaries and trust modifications, 1701.02, 1790.02, 1790.04, 1920.06, 1940.06, 1950.02
Bermuda, 2830.07
British Virgin Islands, 2840.04
burden of proof, 650.03, 710.01, 750.01, 2630.01, 2640.03, 2730.04
business entities, 1480.07, 1510.04, 1520.07, 1550.02, 1560.04, 1560.05, 1580.05, 1640.03, 1640.07, 1670.04, 4520.07, 4730.02, 4740.05, 4760.03, 4770.04, 4880.08
Cayman Islands, 2830.03
choice of law, 650.02, 3540, 3540.02, 3540.03, 3560.03, 3580.08
claims and creditors, definition of, 110.02, 401.04, 510.01, 510.02, 510.03, 510.04
collapsing multi-step transactions, 630.04, 3310.05, 3370.01, 3370.02
constructive fraud, 110.02, 180.06, 310.03, 510.02, 510.03, 530.01, 720.01, 720.03, 720.04, 720.05, 720.07, 730.07, 2010.01, 3620.03, 3640.04, 5220.02, 5230.01, 5230.04, 5360.01
Cook Islands, 2220.01, 2220.07
criminal law, 330.03, 670.04, 3730.03, 3730.05, 4501.03, 4570.07, 5560.01
Delaware, 2710.08
digital assets, 4910.04, 4950.04
exempt assets, conversion into, 770.02, 1410.04, 1470.05, 3260.03, 3270.01, 3270.02, 3270.03, 3270.06, 4820.01, 4880.06
foundations, 3110.06, 3120.03, 3140.04, 3140.06, 3140.07, 3150.04, 3150.06
future creditors, 710.01, 2730.02, 5110.02, 5110.07, 5220.02
history, 130.07, 601.02, 610.01, 610.02, 610.05, 610.06, 620.01, 620.02, 620.03, 620.04, 620.05, 670.01, 670.02, 670.05, 670.07
insider preferences, 510.02, 640.05, 720.06, 750.07, 3620.03, 3670.04, 4740.03
Jersey, 2810.04
Liechtenstein, 2850.03
limitation periods, 2630.02, 2710.08, 2730.03
litigation, 770.01, 770.02, 770.03, 770.04, 770.05, 3580.08, 4520.05, 4560.07, 4580.08
planning distinguished, 110.06, 701.02, 770.06
real estate, 4810.04, 4820.03, 4840.03, 4840.05, 4880.02, 4880.04, 4880.05, 4880.08
reasonably equivalent value, 220.10, 220.11, 630.02, 640.01, 720.02, 720.03, 3370.02, 3670.07, 4780.05
regimes compared, 660.01, 660.02, 670.06, 680.01, 680.02, 680.03, 2120.02, 2830.03, 2830.07, 2840.06, 2840.09
remedies, 610.02, 740.01, 740.02, 740.03, 740.04, 740.05, 740.06, 2730.07, 3850.05, 3850.06, 3850.11, 4110.03, 4140.06, 4160.04
self-settled trusts, 650.05, 710.08, 1820.04, 1840.03, 3540.04
Seychelles, 2840.09
Singapore, 2850.07
spouses and family, transfers to, 1130.04, 1150.02, 2010.01, 2010.02, 2010.03, 4880.04
Statute of 13 Elizabeth, 610.02, C10.01
Switzerland, 2520.03, 2520.04, 2520.06
transfer, definition of, 101.03, 550.04, 550.05, 720.07, 1110.02, 1120.08, 1190.04, 2980.04
transferees, 320.03, 610.02, 640.03, 650.06, 740.03, 750.01, 750.02, 750.03, 750.04, 750.05, 750.06, 2010.03, 2050.01, 4040.02, 4040.04
transfers after notice, 3620.01, 3620.02, 3670.02
transfers before sale or expatriation, 4670.03, 4680.02, 4780.01, 4780.04
uniform acts, 620.05, 630.01, 640.01, 650.01, 690.01, 690.02, 690.03, C20.01
Wyoming, 2630.01
See also Badges of fraud; Solvency analysis
Voluntary disclosure
IRS Criminal Investigation, 4370.04
past non-compliance, 330.09
unreported Swiss accounts, 2570.07
W
Wages
after deposit, 1230.03, 1230.06
business owners, 1230.04
federal garnishment limit, 1230.01
head of family, 1230.02, 1230.05, 1230.06
planning, 1230.04
state exemptions, 1230.02, 1230.05
state exemptions survey, D30.01
WARN Act
plant closings, 4760.05
Washington
community property, 1130.02
criminal transfer statute, D60.02
DAPT land, Huber case, 4810.06
homestead, support exception, 240.03
self-settled trust statute, 3530.07, 3550.03
self-settled trusts, 530.02, 4240.03
self-settled trusts policy, 5160.06, 5520.05, 5530.03
Wells notices. See Regulatory claimants
West Virginia
solvency affidavit, 5260.01
Whistleblowers
SEC awards, 5140.08
Wills
coordination with trusts, 5060.06
Wisconsin
direct action, 1470.03
Wish letters. See Letters of wishes
Withdrawal
concealed claims, 5380.01, 5380.07
engagement letter terms, 5330.01, E80.03
fiduciary offices, 5380.07
lawyer who declines, 5340.05
mandatory, 5380.01
noisy withdrawal, 5380.04
permissive, 5380.02
solvency certification, 5330.03, 5380.02
statement of reasons, 5380.03
Withdrawal powers
creditor exposure, 1740.04
Crummey powers, 1740.04
hanging powers, 1740.04
lapse and five-and-five, 1740.04
lapsing, § 678 trusts, 4210.07
removal by decanting, 1940.04, 1940.05
suspension by protector, 1920.06
Work product
anticipation of litigation as evidence, 3720.03
defense of claim, 3720.03
planning documents, 3720.03
Worldwide freezing orders. See Freezing orders
Wyoming, 2180.02, 2601.01, 2601.02, 2601.04
annual report and reinstatement, 1570.05, 5420.05, 5420.06, 5480.07, G40.01
bankruptcy, 840.04, 2630.05, 2670.05
charging orders, 240.03, 1550.04, 1620.01, 1620.05, 1630.05, 2670.01, 2670.05, 3320.07, B40.02, C50.04, D50.01
checklist, 2690.03
decanting and nonjudicial settlement, 2660.02, 2660.03
digital assets, 3470.06, 4910.06, 4910.09, 4920.02, 4920.05, 4920.09, 4930.05, 4940.04
divorce and child support, 430.06, 920.02, 2640.09
duration of trusts, 1770.02, 2610.08
exception creditors, 2610.03, 2630.03, 2640.06
exemptions, 1210.06, 1280.02, 1330.04, D40.01
forced heirship, 970.04, 5030.05, C50.01
foreign judgments, 2610.06, 2680.03
homestead, 1210.06, 1220.01, 2680.07, D20.01, D20.02
irrevocable discretionary trusts, 2610.04, 2640.01, 2640.02, 2640.03, 2640.04, 2640.07, 2640.08, 2680.04, E10.02
limitation periods, 540.01, 540.05, 2630.02, 2630.06, 2640.05, 2690.02
limited liability companies, 130.04, 910.04, 1520.02, 1520.05, 1530.05, 2670.03, 2670.04, 2970.03, 4460.05, 5420.02, 5420.03
privacy, 2610.07, 2660.05, 2680.06
private trust companies, 1960.01, 1960.04, 2660.04
protectors and directed trusts, 1910.01, 2660.01, 2940.03, 2960.03, 4930.03, 4930.04
qualified spendthrift trusts, 130.08, 540.05, 1820.01, 1830.01, 1830.04, 2610.01, 2610.02, 2610.05, 2620.01, 2620.02, 2620.03, 2620.04, 2620.05, 2620.06, 2620.07, 2630.01, 2630.04, 2630.05, 2650.01, 2650.02, 2650.03, 2650.05, B30.01, C50.01
qualified trustees, 2620.03, 2640.03, E20.01
residents and nonresidents, 230.08, 650.02, 2680.01, 2680.02, 2680.04, 2680.07
Rule 1.16 amendment, 5210.04
solvency affidavit, 2620.05, 5260.01, 5260.02, F01.03, F10.02, G40.03, G70.01
statutory foundations, 3150.01, 3150.02, 3150.03, 3150.04, 3150.05, 3150.06, B20.03, B40.02
taxation, 2650.04, 2680.05, 4230.01
Threat Matrix ratings, 2690.01
trust companies, 4560.01, 4560.07
veil piercing, 1530.05, 2670.02, 3320.07, 3380.02, 4710.04, 5420.02